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沃拉普克语基础教程：第八课语言交流
Volapük Vifik: Lärnod Jölid"Forward in reverse gear? No, just simply stargazing!"If you went one day for a driving lesson, and were instructed to engageforward gear in reverse, you would either think that the world had gonemad, or possibly that you were driving a space vehicle of the future!
Yet this is certainly the case in Volapük, which actually has aFUTURE IN THE PAST TENSE; that is, we look at events as they WOULD BE orWOULD HAVE BEEN in the past!
All this is done by placing two dots above the O and U of the normal future tense, thus: Ö and Ü. Look at these examples:
Äkredom, das öreinos = He believed that it would rain
Äcedob, das üfinükol bü mudel = I thought thatyou would have finished (completely) before Monday
As you can see, it is simply the FUTURE IN THE PAST!
Hard facts, in other words, and nothing at all to do with stargazing,which has to do very much with an IF ONLY state of mind. By appending -ÖVto the normal form of the verb, we bring into being the CONDITIONAL; thisis very much dependent on the IF or IF ONLY state of things. Look at thesenext examples:
If stom binonöv koldikum, ba nifosöv = If only the weatherwere colder, perhaps it would snow
If ikömomöv, agivoböv ome givoti = If he had come, Iwould have given him a present
Certainly not hard facts, but very much depending on whether one thinghad happened!
We are already very familiar with the appendage -LI? which asks a question;however, in Volapük there is also a -LA which indicates somewhat remotepossibility or serious doubt. Just take a look at the following examples:
No sevof, va okömom-la = She doesn't know whether he will come(but it's very doubtful indeed!)
Sagoy, das elogoms-la sneki = One says that they have seen a snake(tell me another!)
This is just to get you used to a concept which is by and large strangeto us in English; by seeing how it functions in Volapük, however,you will soon see the way it works, and when. Just now to sum up:
When to use the FUTURE IN THE PAST:
Make sure that vou are dealing with an event in the past, which looksforward to some time in the future: if you judge that such a future eventwould be happening beyond doubt, simply prefix Ö- onto the verb; if,on the other hand, you judge that such a future event would already havehappened, prefix Ü- onto the verb.
When to use the CONDITIONAL:
Make sure that whatever is in question is so much dependent on somethingor someone else, that its fulfilment comes into the IF ONLY category. Justsimply take any form of the verb in whatever tense and add -ÖV toit.
You will be meeting all the above in the serialized story which follows.Enjoy it!
Yet this is certainly the case in Volapük, which actually has aFUTURE IN THE PAST TENSE; that is, we look at events as they WOULD BE orWOULD HAVE BEEN in the past!
All this is done by placing two dots above the O and U of the normal future tense, thus: Ö and Ü. Look at these examples:
Äkredom, das öreinos = He believed that it would rain
Äcedob, das üfinükol bü mudel = I thought thatyou would have finished (completely) before Monday
As you can see, it is simply the FUTURE IN THE PAST!
Hard facts, in other words, and nothing at all to do with stargazing,which has to do very much with an IF ONLY state of mind. By appending -ÖVto the normal form of the verb, we bring into being the CONDITIONAL; thisis very much dependent on the IF or IF ONLY state of things. Look at thesenext examples:
If stom binonöv koldikum, ba nifosöv = If only the weatherwere colder, perhaps it would snow
If ikömomöv, agivoböv ome givoti = If he had come, Iwould have given him a present
Certainly not hard facts, but very much depending on whether one thinghad happened!
We are already very familiar with the appendage -LI? which asks a question;however, in Volapük there is also a -LA which indicates somewhat remotepossibility or serious doubt. Just take a look at the following examples:
No sevof, va okömom-la = She doesn't know whether he will come(but it's very doubtful indeed!)
Sagoy, das elogoms-la sneki = One says that they have seen a snake(tell me another!)
This is just to get you used to a concept which is by and large strangeto us in English; by seeing how it functions in Volapük, however,you will soon see the way it works, and when. Just now to sum up:
When to use the FUTURE IN THE PAST:
Make sure that vou are dealing with an event in the past, which looksforward to some time in the future: if you judge that such a future eventwould be happening beyond doubt, simply prefix Ö- onto the verb; if,on the other hand, you judge that such a future event would already havehappened, prefix Ü- onto the verb.
When to use the CONDITIONAL:
Make sure that whatever is in question is so much dependent on somethingor someone else, that its fulfilment comes into the IF ONLY category. Justsimply take any form of the verb in whatever tense and add -ÖV toit.
You will be meeting all the above in the serialized story which follows.Enjoy it!
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n bäldikün ögetom lafi jevodas; son telid ögetomkildili bal jevodas; son kilid ögetom züldili bal jevodas.Ädugoms jevodis ini yad, ed äprimoms ad kalkulön; postimil älogedoms odis stunükölo.