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沃拉普克语基础教程：第九课语言交流
Volapük Vifik: Lärnod Zülid"In transit -- plus the whence and the whither"When we hear that goods are in transit, we know that they are "onthe way" and PASSING OVER to our part of the country. With this knowledge,we become more and more excited. In this transitory (= passing) world,by the time they have PASSED OVER to us in our region, our interest maywell have PASSED OVER to something else!
Whenever we say that certain verbs are TRANSITIVE, we mean that theaction signified by them PASSES OVER without further ado to their OBJECT,or as we have sometimes termed it, their VICTIM, that is to say, the firstthing or person directly in the path of the verbal action; for this reason,they are called the DIRECT OBJECT! An excellent example is: "the dogbit the man" where "the dog" is the SUBJECT, "bit"is the VERB, and "the man" is the DIRECT OBJECT or VICTIM ofthe action!
In English, such a short sentence as this is dependent on WORD ORDER,for without a certain order, it would not be clear who bit whom. However,it is not so in VOLAPÜK, where in the short sentence: Dog äbeiton mani; mani äbeiton dog; äbeiton mani dog are all equally clear!
For example, if we live in a house, we can either say: Lödobs indom with help from the preposition in (as above), or else we can use theprefix BE- and say: Belödobs domi. Because the verb BELÖDÖN is now a TRANSITIVE VERB due to the prefix BE-, it no longer requires thehelp of the linking word IN, but can PASS OVER straight away to its DIRECTOBJECT/VICTIM!
The reason we know whether a verb is TRANSITIVE (= can pass over) orINTRANSITIVE (= cannot pass over without help) is because in a dictionary,the abbreviation v.i. (= verb intransitive) and v.t. (= verb transitive)show us exactly where we stand! In Volapük: lov. (= loveädik)and nel. (= neloveädik)
Just a special mention now about the verbs which have the ending -IKÖN:These are always INTRANSITIVE with the general sense of "to become",whereas verbs with the ending -ÜKÖN make them TRANSITIVE, meaning:"to cause", "to compel", "to make" (someone dosomething), thus:
Finikön (v.i.) = to come to an end / Finükön (v.t.) = to bring something to an end;
Lifikön (v.i.) = to revive / Lifükön (v.t.) = to revive someone
Even the verbs denoting BEING (bin) and BECOMING (ved), as, indeed, any root-words where the sense allows it, may avail themselves of thisextremely useful BUILDING BLOCK of Volapük!
As for the WHENCE? (= from where?) and the WHITHER? (= to where?), thesetwo adverbs are expressed in Volapük simply and logically be the endings-AO = from where? and -IO = to where? as in: domao = from the house, and domio = to the house
In our last unit, we shall be dealing with more PREFIXES and SUFFIXES,some of which have been introduced earlier IN PASSING, but hopefully havenot been in any way PASSED OVER in transit!
Nevertheless an interesting and absorbing exercise in transit, wouldyou not agree?
Whenever we say that certain verbs are TRANSITIVE, we mean that theaction signified by them PASSES OVER without further ado to their OBJECT,or as we have sometimes termed it, their VICTIM, that is to say, the firstthing or person directly in the path of the verbal action; for this reason,they are called the DIRECT OBJECT! An excellent example is: "the dogbit the man" where "the dog" is the SUBJECT, "bit"is the VERB, and "the man" is the DIRECT OBJECT or VICTIM ofthe action!
In English, such a short sentence as this is dependent on WORD ORDER,for without a certain order, it would not be clear who bit whom. However,it is not so in VOLAPÜK, where in the short sentence: Dog äbeiton mani; mani äbeiton dog; äbeiton mani dog are all equally clear!
For example, if we live in a house, we can either say: Lödobs indom with help from the preposition in (as above), or else we can use theprefix BE- and say: Belödobs domi. Because the verb BELÖDÖN is now a TRANSITIVE VERB due to the prefix BE-, it no longer requires thehelp of the linking word IN, but can PASS OVER straight away to its DIRECTOBJECT/VICTIM!
The reason we know whether a verb is TRANSITIVE (= can pass over) orINTRANSITIVE (= cannot pass over without help) is because in a dictionary,the abbreviation v.i. (= verb intransitive) and v.t. (= verb transitive)show us exactly where we stand! In Volapük: lov. (= loveädik)and nel. (= neloveädik)
Just a special mention now about the verbs which have the ending -IKÖN:These are always INTRANSITIVE with the general sense of "to become",whereas verbs with the ending -ÜKÖN make them TRANSITIVE, meaning:"to cause", "to compel", "to make" (someone dosomething), thus:
Finikön (v.i.) = to come to an end / Finükön (v.t.) = to bring something to an end;
Lifikön (v.i.) = to revive / Lifükön (v.t.) = to revive someone
Even the verbs denoting BEING (bin) and BECOMING (ved), as, indeed, any root-words where the sense allows it, may avail themselves of thisextremely useful BUILDING BLOCK of Volapük!
As for the WHENCE? (= from where?) and the WHITHER? (= to where?), thesetwo adverbs are expressed in Volapük simply and logically be the endings-AO = from where? and -IO = to where? as in: domao = from the house, and domio = to the house
In our last unit, we shall be dealing with more PREFIXES and SUFFIXES,some of which have been introduced earlier IN PASSING, but hopefully havenot been in any way PASSED OVER in transit!
Nevertheless an interesting and absorbing exercise in transit, wouldyou not agree?
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