eckermann：
德语是最斯拉夫化的日耳曼语(捷克语则是最日耳曼化的斯拉夫语。如ums Leben kommen = přijít o život，工整对应
对与这句话，还是个人看法问题！
德语教科书里的翻译都很注重词，和句子结构等对应！虽然不一定那么说！
如：CE SUNTETI DE MESERIE ？
WAS SIND SIE VON BERUF ！ 也很工整！CE=WAS ，SUNTETI 罗语第二人称复数，表示尊称，DE MESERIE =VON BERUF
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最后说一句。你根本没看懂我在写些什么。也根本没仔细读我写的，我在34#早已提到：
NOUT ，ATAT -AT ，C-D ，Z-D 等等！
简单一个立陶宛动词impf/pf. užduoti <-> iter. uždavinėti 例子：impf./pf. užduoti klausimą (相当于捷克语impf./pf. pokládat otázku/položit otázku)<-> iter. uždavinėti klausimus (相当于捷克语impf. pokládat/klást otázky)。而且，尤其是在拉脱维亚语中，同前缀同词根(我的意思就是没有增生aspectual infixes for [im]perfectivisation)的一个动词同时具有imperfective/perfective双重功能的情况比比皆是。
eckermann：我们想说的是一个动词词干基本上都是一对一对的（有的有多个完成体），是这个概念！自己仔细看看我早在34楼写得清清楚楚的原话吧小兄弟。
如： 捷克语通过前缀： NA ，PRE。PRI，S，U，VY ，Z ，ZA ，ZE 等，一般一个动词有多个完成体的，通过前缀来的，我们可以简单的知道意思，就像德...回到原帖
词根屈折在个别情况下仍有遗存。简单一个立陶宛动词impf/pf. užduoti <-> iter. uždavinėti 例子我在这里举出立陶宛语impf./pf. užduoti <-> iter. uždavinėti本身就是在告诉你，即使是那些在你们的教材里一贯被认为只有加前缀才能实现perfectivisation的波罗的语同样留有通过个别*词根内部*屈折的遗存。现在看懂了？
nemecko：
但是，本质上说，如果我没猜错的话，未完成过去时就是从古代的未完成体的过去时演变而来的
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This article discusses the nature of Estonian aspect and case, proposing an analysis of Estonian verbal aspect, aspectual case, and clausal aspect. The focus is on the interaction of transitive telic verbs (write, win) and aspectual case at the level of the functional structure. The main discussion concerns the relationships between aspect and the object case alternation. The data set comprises Estonian transitive verbs with variable and invariant aspect and shows that clausal aspect ultimately depends on the object case. The objects of Estonian transitive verbs in active affirmative indicative clauses are marked with the partitive or the total case; the latter is also known as the accusative and the morphological genitive or nominative. The article presents a unification-based approach in LFG: the aspectual features of verbs and case are unified in the functional structure. The lexical entries for transitive verbs are provided with valued or unvalued aspectual features in the lexicon. If the verb fully determines sentential aspect, then the aspectual feature is valued in the functional specifications of the lexical entry of the verb; this is realized in the form of defining equations. If the aspect of the verb is variable, the entry’s functional specifications have the form of existential constraints. As sentential aspect is fully determined by the total case, the functional specifications of the lexical entry of the total case are in the form of defining equations. The general well-formedness conditions on functional structures secure the sensitivity of aspectual case to verb classification.
Instead, differently from the predominantly VP-aspectual Finnish aspectual case, the Estonian object case is better seen as if either completing or changing verbal aspect, thus mixing in its function the inner and outer aspectual levels.
给你推荐几本书：《汉语动词时、体问题思辩兴》，《法语动词的时、体与式》(纸质书。作者李宝树)，《德语动词的“体”》(入门网文。作者贾慧蝶等)。具体不介绍了，网上全有。还有下面这种，这些都属于常见资料。
图片：untitled.JPG
