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沃拉普克语基础教程：第四课语言交流
Volapük Vifik: Lärnod Folid"Bits and bobs"An introduction to the various bits and pieces of Volapük is now opportune. Several of these you have met already, but now you havethe chance to have an overall look at the various categories into which they fall, thus giving added colour and variety to the language:
Interjections (bringing all sorts of emotions out into the open), such as: Ooh! Nonsense! Aha! Hey! Wow! Oh no! Oh yes! I say! Hurrah! Look! Bye!
Ag! Fi! Ha! He! Ö! Nö! Si! Sö! Yö! Ekö! Adyö!
What's more, any other suitable words can also be made into interjections simply by adding the final vowel -ö. For example: Thanks! Of course! Dear me! Look out! Shut up! Get a move on! Halt! Make way!
Danö! Fumö! Liedö! Prüdö! Seilö! Spidö! Stopö! Zedö!
Conjunctions (joining up different words and sentences), such as:
but, because, though, while, and, if, than, so, neither...nor, or, even if, moreover
Ab, Bi, Do, Du, E, If, Ka, Klu, Ni ... Ni, U, Üf, Zu
Again, any other suitable words can also be made into conjunctions simply by adding the final vowel -ä, for example:
provided that, before, on the other hand, by reason of which, only when,
Bisä Büä Güauml; Kodä Pasä
Prepositions (bridging the gap between a word and its neighbour noun or pronoun):
through, of/from, under, by, in front of, into, according to, by means of, without, with
Da, De, Dis, Fa, Fo, Ini, Ma, Me, Nen, Ko
Yet again, any other suitable words can also be made prepositions by the simple addition of -ü, for example:
with regard to, at the house of, in favour of, in the name of, near to, made of, comprising
Demü, Domü, Gönü, Nemü, Nilü, Binü, Labü
Always remember that in Volapük all prepositions govern the Nominative case!
Last of all, although adverbs are normally characterized by the ending -o, they do also have their very own rogues amongst the bits and bobs,for example:
always, perhaps, also, here, extremely, more, only, almost, there, already, however
Ai, Ba, I, Is, Mu, Plu, Te, Ti, Us, Ya, Ye
all of them playing their own part in the whole -- in other words all bits and bobs!
Interjections (bringing all sorts of emotions out into the open), such as: Ooh! Nonsense! Aha! Hey! Wow! Oh no! Oh yes! I say! Hurrah! Look! Bye!
Ag! Fi! Ha! He! Ö! Nö! Si! Sö! Yö! Ekö! Adyö!
What's more, any other suitable words can also be made into interjections simply by adding the final vowel -ö. For example: Thanks! Of course! Dear me! Look out! Shut up! Get a move on! Halt! Make way!
Danö! Fumö! Liedö! Prüdö! Seilö! Spidö! Stopö! Zedö!
Conjunctions (joining up different words and sentences), such as:
but, because, though, while, and, if, than, so, neither...nor, or, even if, moreover
Ab, Bi, Do, Du, E, If, Ka, Klu, Ni ... Ni, U, Üf, Zu
Again, any other suitable words can also be made into conjunctions simply by adding the final vowel -ä, for example:
provided that, before, on the other hand, by reason of which, only when,
Bisä Büä Güauml; Kodä Pasä
Prepositions (bridging the gap between a word and its neighbour noun or pronoun):
through, of/from, under, by, in front of, into, according to, by means of, without, with
Da, De, Dis, Fa, Fo, Ini, Ma, Me, Nen, Ko
Yet again, any other suitable words can also be made prepositions by the simple addition of -ü, for example:
with regard to, at the house of, in favour of, in the name of, near to, made of, comprising
Demü, Domü, Gönü, Nemü, Nilü, Binü, Labü
Always remember that in Volapük all prepositions govern the Nominative case!
Last of all, although adverbs are normally characterized by the ending -o, they do also have their very own rogues amongst the bits and bobs,for example:
always, perhaps, also, here, extremely, more, only, almost, there, already, however
Ai, Ba, I, Is, Mu, Plu, Te, Ti, Us, Ya, Ye
all of them playing their own part in the whole -- in other words all bits and bobs!
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