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沃拉普克语基础教程：第三课语言交流
Volapük Vifik: Lärnod Kilid"Where two's company, Three's a crowd"Or so it's said! One thing which is certain, however: whether it's a question of two, three or more, it's a question of the plural, because then it's more than one .
In Volapük, the plural is formed without exception simply by adding the letter -s.
Do you remember our little mini-saga entitled "Mem zifa jönik"?
If we wanted to say "cities" instead of "city", this is how it would look:
As a result of having made zif into the plural, we notice something about the adjective jönik in the second line, this word also adds -s.
The reason for this is because jönik is separated from its noun by another word. In Volapük, if an adjective (describing word) is separated by any other word from its noun, then it must take whatever ending the noun itself has. For example, if in the second line, the word vemo had been introduced between the noun and the adjective, it would have read: Lofob zifis vemo jönikis. This is to ensure absolute clarity as to what refers to what. Ambiguity and Volapük do not make good company!
The only other point to note is that whenever the adjective precedes its noun, the same thing happens as already described above. For example, had jönik come before zifs in the last line, it would have been O jöniks zifs! And likewise with the title: Mem jönikas zifas. As this is not always pleasing either to the eye or ear, however, adjectives tend to come immediately after their nouns! It all depends on the effect one wants to create.
How about having a go yourself. Try writing your own mini-saga entitled: Mem vomas jönik. Good Luck!!
To complete our thoughts about the plural in Volapük, here is how the personal pronouns respond to it:
In Volapük, the plural is formed without exception simply by adding the letter -s.
Do you remember our little mini-saga entitled "Mem zifa jönik"?
If we wanted to say "cities" instead of "city", this is how it would look:
| Mem zifas jönik
Zifs binons jöniks. Löfob zifis jönik. Sagob zifes jönik: O zifs jönik! |
The reason for this is because jönik is separated from its noun by another word. In Volapük, if an adjective (describing word) is separated by any other word from its noun, then it must take whatever ending the noun itself has. For example, if in the second line, the word vemo had been introduced between the noun and the adjective, it would have read: Lofob zifis vemo jönikis. This is to ensure absolute clarity as to what refers to what. Ambiguity and Volapük do not make good company!
The only other point to note is that whenever the adjective precedes its noun, the same thing happens as already described above. For example, had jönik come before zifs in the last line, it would have been O jöniks zifs! And likewise with the title: Mem jönikas zifas. As this is not always pleasing either to the eye or ear, however, adjectives tend to come immediately after their nouns! It all depends on the effect one wants to create.
How about having a go yourself. Try writing your own mini-saga entitled: Mem vomas jönik. Good Luck!!
To complete our thoughts about the plural in Volapük, here is how the personal pronouns respond to it:
- ob, obi, obik/oba, obe: I, me, my, to me;
- obs, obis, obsik/obas, obes: we, us, our, to us;
- om, omi, omik/oma, ome: he, him, his, to him;
- oms, omis, omsik.omas, ome: they, them, their, to them;
- of, ofi, ofik/ofa, ofe: she, her, her, to her
- ofs, ofis, ofsik/ofas, ofe: they, them, their, to them
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