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沃拉普克语基础教程：第六课语言交流
Volapük Vifik: Lärnod Mälid"Into forward gear - Full speed ahead!"To be in top gear is always good for the gearbox and the car, providingit's done in the right way: if not, an unpleasant grating noise could wellbe the end product, and that is definitely bad for both the car and thegearbox!
This is also very true of verb tenses used in the wrong way. They grateterribly, either on the eyes or the ears of the listener, whichever isthe first victim!
The 'straight' future tense is very simple in Volapük:
By adding the single letter o- to the beginning of the verb,we express the future, that is, an event which has notyet occurred, but which is expected to occur in the judgment of theperson who is speaking or writing.
On the other hand, the single letter u- at the beginning of theverb brings out idea of the future event already having occured!Here are a couple of examples:
Odelo (= tomorrow) ologob oli = I shall see you(no doubt at all!)
Klu (= therefore) ulogob oli = I shall (already)have seen you!!
Take particular note of the word meaning "tomorrow" above. Delis not a verb, as you know, but a noun which means "day"; by addingo- to such an idea of time, the future aspect is likewiseadded to it - the final -o has nothing to do with the future, of course,it merely tells us that the word is an ADVERB: "on the day to come". The PASSIVE FORMS work just as before: they simply add the singleletter p- to the two vowels shown above, therefore:
Pologol fa ob = you will be seen by me
Pulogol fa ob = you will have beensseen by me Still at full speed ahead, we can now even consider going into overdrive,and issue a few orders (commands) to our various friends and neighbours.We must not be tempted to throw our weight about too much, however, lestwe damage our vehicle or lose most of our passengers!
COMMANDS are formed by the addition of -ÖD to thewhole verb form:
Logomöd! = Let him see! (= He shall see!)
Logobsöd! = Let us see! (= We shall see!)
Logonsöd! = Let them see! (= They shall see!)
There's no doubt about the meaning of these 'orders': like it or not,they are all intended to be obeyed! Can you see, each time, how the ending-ÖD is added to give the idea of authority? This is calledthe IMPERATIVE MOOD and whatever mood you happen to be in at thetime, you are expected to 'jump to it'! A much nicer way of giving out'orders' is called the OPTATIVE MOOD. You simply add the ending-ÖS in exactly the same way: it is much more polite,and means:
Logomös! = May he see!
Logolös! = Do (please) see!
Logobsös! = Oh, that we may see!
This is also very true of verb tenses used in the wrong way. They grateterribly, either on the eyes or the ears of the listener, whichever isthe first victim!
The 'straight' future tense is very simple in Volapük:
By adding the single letter o- to the beginning of the verb,we express the future, that is, an event which has notyet occurred, but which is expected to occur in the judgment of theperson who is speaking or writing.
On the other hand, the single letter u- at the beginning of theverb brings out idea of the future event already having occured!Here are a couple of examples:
Odelo (= tomorrow) ologob oli = I shall see you(no doubt at all!)
Klu (= therefore) ulogob oli = I shall (already)have seen you!!
Take particular note of the word meaning "tomorrow" above. Delis not a verb, as you know, but a noun which means "day"; by addingo- to such an idea of time, the future aspect is likewiseadded to it - the final -o has nothing to do with the future, of course,it merely tells us that the word is an ADVERB: "on the day to come". The PASSIVE FORMS work just as before: they simply add the singleletter p- to the two vowels shown above, therefore:
Pologol fa ob = you will be seen by me
Pulogol fa ob = you will have beensseen by me Still at full speed ahead, we can now even consider going into overdrive,and issue a few orders (commands) to our various friends and neighbours.We must not be tempted to throw our weight about too much, however, lestwe damage our vehicle or lose most of our passengers!
COMMANDS are formed by the addition of -ÖD to thewhole verb form:
Logomöd! = Let him see! (= He shall see!)
Logobsöd! = Let us see! (= We shall see!)
Logonsöd! = Let them see! (= They shall see!)
There's no doubt about the meaning of these 'orders': like it or not,they are all intended to be obeyed! Can you see, each time, how the ending-ÖD is added to give the idea of authority? This is calledthe IMPERATIVE MOOD and whatever mood you happen to be in at thetime, you are expected to 'jump to it'! A much nicer way of giving out'orders' is called the OPTATIVE MOOD. You simply add the ending-ÖS in exactly the same way: it is much more polite,and means:
Logomös! = May he see!
Logolös! = Do (please) see!
Logobsös! = Oh, that we may see!
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