[语言交流]梵文第一类变化动词

以下是梵文第一类变化动词，也就是最大类的动词，结合笔记中的变位词尾，诸位可以进行变位练习。文中的deri表示派生词。友情提醒，确定一个梵文动词的含义，千万不要单凭一个英文动词，那是有歧义的。除了查梵汉词典，最好多参照德文注解，减少歧义。关于天城体转写，IAST仅仅用于印刷，HK大小写混用看是简洁，但容易眼花，Velthuis个人以为最好，专有名词可以大写。.
ak to move tortuously
aks. to pervade; to reach; to accumulate
ag to wind, to go
an:k to mark
an:g to go
an:gh to go; to hasten; to begin; to blame; to gamble
ac to go; to request
aj to go; to drive; to throw
ac to speak indistinctly; to go; to request; to bend
ac to worship; to honour or to revere
at. to wander
at.t. to transgress; to kill
at.h to go
an.t.h to go
ad. to exert; to try
ad.d. to join; to attack; to explain the sense of; to sue, to exert
an. to utter a voice, to sound
at to go constantly; to obtain (mostly Vedic)
ant, and to bind
amb, ambh to sound
abhr to go, to wander about
am to go; to sound, to wait upon
ay to go
argh to be worth; to cost
arc to worship; to honour; to shine; to praise (Vedic)
arj to procure; to earn
ard to go; to beg or request; deri. ardita solicited; abhyarn.a near, proximate, close, drawing near (of time)
arb to go, to injure, to kill
arv to kill
al to adorn; to be competent or able
av to protect, to move, to be lovely, to please, to satisfy, to know, to enter, to hear, to own, to beg, to act, to desire, to shine, to obtain, to embrace, to kill, to take, to be, to grow; deri. avita or u_ta
as., as to go, to shine, to receive
am.h to go
a_ch to lengthen, to stretch, to make straight; deri. a_chita
i to go; deri. ita, e_tum, itva_, uditya, ayat, is.yat, i_yis.as
ikh to go, to move; deri. ikhita, e_khitum, e_khitva_, i_khivas
in:kh to go, to move
in:g to go, to move
it. to go
in.t. to have superhuman faculties, to be powerful
inv to pervade; to please; to be satisfied
i_ to go; deri. i_ta
i_ks. to see
i_kh, i_n:kh to go
i_j to go; to censure, to blame
i_r to go
i_rs.y, i_ks.y to envy
i_s. to escape, to kill, to see
i_s. to glean
i_n to endeavour, to obtain, to aim at, to wish
u to utter a voice; to sound; deri. uta, o_tum
uks. to sprinkle; to wet
ukh to go
un:kh to go
ucch to dwell abroad; to retire
uch to glean
ut.h to knock down
urd to measure, to play; to taste; to grant; to be cheerful
urv to kill or hurt
us. to burn
uh to hurt or kill
u_t.h to knock down
u_y to weave; to sew
u_s. to be ill
u_h to conjecture, to infer, to guess; to note; to expect; to reason
r. to go; to acquire; deri. r.ta, artum, aris.yat, a_rivas
r.j to go; to stand; to gain; to acquire; to be healthy
r.j to fry
r.t to reproach, to pity, to go, to rival; to have power
r.s' to kill; to go
ej to tremble or shake
ej to shine; deri. ejama_na
et. to annoy; to oppose
edh to grow: to increase, to prosper, to extend, to swell, to rise
es. to go
o_kh to be dry; to be able or sufficient; to adorn; to refuse; to prevent
o_n. to remove; to drag along
o_laj to throw up
o_lan.d. to throw up
kak to wish; to be proud; to be unsteady; to be thirsty
kakh to deride or laugh at
kakh to deride
kag to perform or do anything or act
kan:k to go
kac to bind
kac to cry
kac to shine; to bind
kat. to rain; to cover or to surround
kat. to go or approach
kat.h to drag on the days of life, to live in distress
kad. to be confused; to be proud
kad.d. to be harsh or rough
kan. to cry or bewail
kan. to go or approach
kat. to go
kan.t.h to grive for, to miss
kan.d. to be proud; to unhusk
kan.d. to be proud
katth to praise; to boast; to flatter; deri. vikatthya, cakattha_na
kad to be confounded, to grieve
kan to shine; to love; to wish; to go; Vedic (to be contented)
kand to call; to shed tears
kand to be confounded; to grieve
kab to colour
kam to love, to long for; to have intercourse with; to value highly; deri. ka_nta, ka_mya
kamp to shake or tremble
kamb to go
karj to pain
kard to rumble; to caw
karb to go or approach
karv to be proud, to boast
kal to sound; to count
kall to sound indistinctly
kav to praise; to describe, to compose a poem
kas' to sound
kas. to kill or injure; to try on a touchstone; to rub
kas to go
ka_n:ks. to desire or long for
ka_c to shine; to bind
ka_s' to shine
ka_s to cough
kit. to fear; to frighten; to go or approach
kit to live; to heal or cure; to doubt; deri. cikitsita
kit to desire
ki_l to bind; to fit
ku to sound; deri. kuta, ko_tum, kavama_na, cukuva_na
kuk to take; to accept; to seize
kuc to utter a shrill cry (as a bird); to contract; to bend; to be crooked; to impede; to write or delineate
kuj to steal
kuc to make crooked; to bend, or curve; to lessen
kut. to cut
kun.t. to be lame
kun.t.h to be mutilated or blunted; to loosen; to be dull or stupid or idle
kun.d. to maim or mutilate
kun.d. to burn
kut to cover
kunth to hurt; to suffer pain
kubh to wet
kump to cover; to dress
kumb to cover
kumbh to cover
kurd to play; deri. ku_rdita
kul to collect; to be related or to behave as a kinsman; to proceed uninterruptedly; to reckon
kum.s' to shine
kum.s to speak
kuj to make any inarticulate sound, to hum; to coo; to warble
klup to be fit for; to be able; deri. klupta, kalpitum
kr.s. to draw; to plough; deri. kr.s.t.a, kars.t.um, a_kr.s.ya, cakr.s.bas
ke_p to shake or tremble
ke_l to shake; to sport
kai to sound; deri. ka_ta, ka_yat, cakivas
knath to hurt, to injure, to kill
knu_y to make a creaking sound; to be wet; to sink
kmar to be crooked
krath to injure, hurt or kill
krad to be confounded, to grieve
krand to lament; to grieve
krand to call out; to cry
krap to pity; to go
kram to walk; to step; to go, to cross; to leap; to ascend; deri. kra_nta, kramitum, cakran.vas
kri_d. to amuse oneself; to play; to gamble; to make a noise or creak or break
kruc to make crooked; to bend or curve; to lessen
krus' to call out; to cry
klath to hurt or kill
kland to call out; to cry
klam to be fatigued; deri. kla_nta, caklanvas
klind to lament
kli_b to behave like a eunuch; to be timorous or modest or unassuming
klu to go
kle_v to serve
kle_s' to speak inarticulately; to impede
kvan. to jingle; to tinkle; to hum; to warble
kvath to boil; to decoct; to digest
ks.aj to kill
ks.aj to go, to give
ks.ad to cut, to protect, to eat
ks.am to forgive; to suffer; to allow; to put up with; to resist; to be able to do anything
ks.amp to forgive or endure
ks.ar to flow; to ooze; to wane; to become useless, to melt
ks.i to decay; to wane, to waste
ks.it. to make an inarticulate sound
ks.iv to eject from the mouth; to vomit; to spit out; deri. ks.yu_ta, praks.i_vya
ks.i_j to speak inarticulately
ks.i_b to be drunk or intoxicated
ks.i_v to be drunk or intoxicated
ks.i_v to spit out
ks.ud to go
ks.up to be intoxicated
ks.ubh to be agitated; to disturb
ks.ump to go
ks.e_v to spit out
ks.ai to wane, to decline; to decay, to waste away; deri. ks.a_ma, ks.e_ya
ks.ma_y to tremble; to shake
ks.mi_l to wink
ks.vid. to be wet or unctuous; to discharge juice, to emit sap
ks.vid to be wet
ks.ve_l to leap, to move; to shake
khakkh to laugh at
khaj to churn; to agitate
khaj to limp
khat. to desire
khan.d. to break, to cut, to tear to pieces
khad to be firm, to kill
khan to dig up; deri. kha_ta, khe_ya
khab, khamb to go
kharj to pain; to worship
khard to bite, to sting
kharb to go
kharv to proud or haughty
khal. to gather or collect; to move or shake
khas. to injure, hurt or kill
kha_d to eat; to devour
khit. to fear, to frighten
khu to sound
khuj to rob; to steal
khun.d. to limp; to break into pieces
khurd to play
khe_l to shake; to tremble; to play
khe_v to serve
khai to strike; to be firm; deri. kha_ta, kha_yat
kho_t., kho_d., kho_r, kho_l to limp, to be lame
gaj to sound or roar; to be drunk or confused
gaj to sound
gad. to distil
gan.d. to affect the cheek
gad to speak, to say
gand to affect the cheek
gam to go; deri. gata, a_gamya, jagmivas
garj, gard to roar; to growl; to thunder
garb to go
garv to be proud
garh to blame; to censure
gal to eat; to drip
galbh to be bold or confident
galh to blame, to censure
ga_ to go
ga_dh to set out for, to dive, to seek, to compile, to string together, to stay
ga_h to dive, to bathe; to penetrate, to agitate or churn, to be absorbed in; to hide onself in; to destroy; deri. ga_d.ha, ga_hitavya
gu to speak inarticulately; deri. guta, go_tum, gavama_na, juguva_na
guj to hum or buzz
guj to hum or buzz, to sound inarticulately
gun.t.h to enclose; to envelope
gun.d. to envelope, to protect, to pound
gud to play
gudh to play
gup to protect, to conceal
gup to censure; to despise, to hide
gard-grd to play
gurv to endeavour, to elevate
guh to cover; to hide
gr. to sprinkle, to wet
gr.j, gr.j to sound, to roar, to grumble
gr.h to take; to seize
ge_p to shake
ge_v to seve
ge_s. to search; to investigate
ga to sing, to relate; deri. gi_ta
go_s.t. to assemble; to collect; to heap together
granth to be crooked or wicked, to bend
granth to bind, to arrange in a regular order
gras, glas to eat; to devour, to swallow; to consume; to seize; to eclipse; to destroy; deri. grasta, jagrasa_na
gruc, gluc to steal; deri. grukta
gluh to take
gluc to go
gle_p to be poor or miserable; to shake
gle_v to serve or worship
gle_s. to seek
glai to despond, to wane; to be fatigued
ghagh to laugh
ghat. to act; to be intently occupied with; to happen; to be united with; to come to, to reach
ghat.t. to shake
ghan.t. to speak; to shine
gharb to go
ghas to eat; to devour
ghin.n. to take
ghu to sound
ghut. to return; to exchange
ghun. to stagger; to reel
ghun.n. to take
ghus. to be beautiful or brilliant
ghus. to sound, to proclaim
ghum.s. to diffuse lustre
ghu_rn. to whirl; to roll; to reel
ghr. to sprinkle
ghr.n.n. to take
ghr.s. to grind, to pound, to strike, to rub, to brush, to polish
ghra_ to smell
n.u to sound
cak to be satisfied, to repel; to resist, to shine
cak to be satisfied
can:k to reel; to roll
cac to go; to shake; to leap
cat. to break, to rain, to cover
can. to go, to sound
can.d. to be angry
cat, cad to beg, to request
can to kill
cand to be glad; to shine
cap to console; to sooth
cam to eat; to drink
camp to go
camb to go
cay to go
car to go; to walk, to graze; to eat; deri. carya, ce_ra_n.a_ca_rya an instructor
carc to discuss, to condemn; to censure
carb to go
carv to chew, to eat; to browse; to chop; to bite
cas. to eat
cah to be wicked; to be proud; to cheat
ca_y to worship, to discern
cit. to send out
cit to perceive; to think; to recover consciousness
cint to remember
chill to become loose; to act wantonly; to sport
chi_k to endure
ci_bh to coax, to boast
ci_b to take, to wear, to cover
cucya to bathe, to churn, to press
cud.d. to sport, to hint one's meaning
cun.t. to cut off
cun.d. to become small, to cut off
cup to move slowly
cumb to kiss
culump to swing, to rock; to agitate
cull to sport, to make amorous gestures
cu_s. to drink
cr.p to excite; to light
ce_l to shake; to go
ce_s.t. to act
cyu to go; to drop down; to fall, to swerve
cyut to flow; to trickle
chat. to cover; to veil; to hide
chand to cover
cham to eat, to consume
chas. to hurt; to injure, to kill
chr.d to kindle
chr.s. to beg or request
jaj to fight
jaj to fight
jat. to become matted (as hair)
jad. to heap
jap to mutter, to mediate
jabh to yawn, to gape; deri. jabdha, jambhitum, jajabha_na
jam to eat; deri. ja_nta, ja_ntva_, jamitva_
jamm to destroy
jarc, jarch to speak, to blame
jal to strike, to be rich, to hide; to encircle, to be sharp; to be cold, stiff, dull, or dumb
jalp to speak, to prattle, to babble, to murmur, to chatter, to praise
jas. to kill
jas to injure, to strike
jam.s to protect, to release
ji to conquer; to overcome; to surpass, to win, to restrain
jinv to please; to be lively, active, busy; to excise; to animate, to promote, confer
jim to eat
jis. to sprinkle
ji_v to live, to revive, to live upon
ju to go, to be quick
jug to abandon; to exclude
jut to shine
jus. to reason; to investigate; to be satisfied; to hurt
jumbh to gape; to yawn; to expand; to open; to spread; to increase, appear, to rise
jr._ to grow old, to waste away; to decay; deri. ji_rn.a, jarat
je_s. to go
je_h to try, to go
jai to decay
jyu to go
jri to conquer; to defeat, to grow old
jvar to be hot with fever or passion; to be ill; deri. ju_rn.a
jval to blaze; to glow; to shine; deri. prajvalya
jhat. to become matted together (as hair), to become confused or entangled
jham to eat; to consume
jharjh to speak; to hurt, injure or kill; to menace
jhas. to hurt, injure or kill
jhas. to take, to put on or wear
t.an:k to bind
t.al to be confused
t.ik to go
t.i_k to go, to resort to
t.auk to go
t.val to be confused
d.i_ to fly; to pass through the air; deri. d.ayita
d.hauk to go, to approach; deri. upad.haukya, d.ud.hauka_na
tak to laugh at; to bear, to fly or rush upon
taks. to cut off; to make thin; to wound, to form; deri. tas.t.a
taks. to eat; to pare, to cover
tan:k to live in distress
tan:g to go; to stumble; to tremble
tac to go
tat. to be raised, to rise, to groan
tan.d. to strike
tan to confide in, to assist; to pain with disease, to be harmless, to sound; deri. tata
tandr to be exhausted, to be disturbed in mind
tap to shine, to be hot; to make hot, to suffer pain, to injure or hurt, to undergo, to perform penance
tay to go
tarj to threaten, to terrify, to scold, to mock
tard to injure, to hurt or kill
tam.s to decorate; to shake, to pour out, to request
ta_y to spread, to protect
tik to go or move
tij to whet
tij to endure or bear patiently
tip to drop, to ooze; deri. tipta, te_pama_na
til to go
till to go
ti_k to go
ti_v to be strong or fat or corpulent
tuj to hurt, injure or kill
tuj to reach, to kill, to be strong, to take, to dwell, to protect to cloth, to strike, to push, to emit, to incite, to give
tud. to split, to push, to injure, to hurt
tud.d. to disregard, to condemn
tun.d. to disregard, to condemn
tup to injure, hurt or kill
tuph to injure, hurt or kill
tubh to injure, hurt or kill
tump, tumph to injure, hurt or kill
tumb to distress, to hurt
turv to kill
tus to sound
tuh to hurt, to kill, to pain
tu_d. to split, to disregard
tu_l to weigh, to measure
tu_s. to satisfy or to be satisfied
tr.ks. to go
tr._ to swim, to cross over, to float, to surmount; to master completely, to fulfil, to escape from; deri. ti_rn.a, taritavya, utti_rya
te_j to protect
te_p to ooze, to shake
te_v to lament; to play
to_d. to disregard
tyaj to abandon, to leave, to quit, to let go, to renounce, to except, to distribute, to disregard
trakh to go
tran:k to go
tran:kh, tran:g to go
trand to act; to try; to be busy or active
trap to be ashamed or abashed; to be embarrassed
tram.s to speak; to shine
trim.kh to go
trup, truph, trump, trumph to kill, injure or hurt
trai to protect; deri. tra_ta or tra_n.a, paritra_ya
trauk to go
tvaks. to make thin
tvan:g to go; to tremble
tvac to go; deri. tyakta
tvis. to shine; to glitter
tsar to creep; to crawl; to proceed crookedly or fraudulently
thurv to injure, hurt or kill
daks. to increase, to do or act quickly
daks. to go; to kill
dad to give; to offer; to present
dadh to hold: to possess
dam.s' to bite; to sting; deri. das.t.a
day to pity, to give; to go; to protect; to kill; to take
dal to break; to split; to expand, to open
dah to reduce to ashed; to burn; to scorch; to torment; deri. dagdha
da_ to give; deri. datta, de_ya, yacchat, dadivas
da_n to cut off, to straighten; deri. di_da_m.sita
da_y to give
da_s' to give; to offer an oblation
da_s to give
dinv to be glad or pleased, to gladden, to please
div to lament; deri. de_vitva_ or dyu_tva_
di_ks. to be shaved; to perform a sacrifice, to invest with a sacred thread; to practise self-restraint; to teach religious observances; to prepare oneself for the performance of a sacred rite; to dedicate oneself to
du to go; deri. du_na, du_tva_, do_tum
durv to kill; deri. du_rta
duh to injure, hurt or kill
dr.p to light; to kindle; to inflame
dr.bh to tie; to string
dr.s' to see; to behold; to visit; to learn; to investigate
dr.h, dr.m.h to increase; to prosper; to fasten; to be firm
dr._ to fear; deri. darks.rn.a
de_ to protect; deri. datta, dayama_na, da_tum, digya_na
de_v to play, to sport; to lament
dai to purify; to cleanse, to be purified
dyut to shine; to be bright
dyai to despise; to disfigure
dram to go; to run
dra_kh to become dry; to be able; to prevent; to adorn
dra_gh to be able; to stretch; to exert oneself; to be weary; to vex; to wander about
dra_m.ks. to desire, to utter a discordant sound
dra_d. to cut, to split
dra_h to wake
dru to go, to flow, to run; to retreat, to melt; to attack, to rush
dre_k to sound; to show joy; to be exhilarated
drai to sleep; deri. dra_n.a, nidra_ya
dvr. to cover, to appropriate
dhan., dhan to sound
dhanv to go
dha_v to run; to flow, to cleanse, to wash; deri. dhautva_
dhiks. to kindle, to be harassed or weary, to live
dhinv to please, to delight
dhuks. to kindle; to be harassed or weary, to live
dhurv to injure, hurt or kill; deri. dhu_rta
dhu_ to shake, to excite
dhu_p to heat, to fumigate, to perfume, to be heated
dhr. to hold, to support, to possess, to keep, to seize, to place
dhr.j, thr.j to go
dhr.s. to come together, to hurt or injure, to offend
dhe_ to suck, to drink, to draw; deri. dhi_ta, dha_tum, sam.dha_ya
dho_r to go quickly, to run, to trot; to be skilful
dhma_ to blow; to breathe out, to produce sound by blowing, to blow a fire, to manufacture by blowing; deri. a_dhma_ya, dhamat, dadhmivas, dhma_syat
dhyai to think of, to meditate, to recollect; deri. dhya_t
dhraj to go
dhran.j to go
dhran. to sound as a drum or other instrument
dhras to glean
dha_kh to be dry, to be able
dhra_dh to be able or competent
dhra_m.ks. to desire; to caw; to crow
dhra_d. to divide; to split
dhrij to go
dhru to be firm
dhre_k to sound; to be filled with joy
dhrai to be pleased
dhvaj to go
dhvaj to go
dhvan. to sound
dhvan to sound
dham.s to fall down; to perish; to go
dhva_m.ks. to desire; to caw; to crow
dhvr. to bend; to kill
naks. to go
nakh to go
nam.kh to go
nat. to dance; to act (as a dramatic part)
nat. to sound; to roar; to thunder; deri. na_dya, pran.adya
nand to be glad or satisfied
nabh to destroy, to perish
nam to salute; to sink; to bend; deri. nata, nantavya, vinamya, nam.syat
nay to go
nard to sound, to roar
nal to smell; to bind
nas to be crooked
na_th, na_dh to ask; to harass; to be master; to bless
na_s to sound
niks. to kiss
nid to ridicule, to reach
nind to blame; to censure; to condemn
ninv to sprinkle; to attend
nis' to meditate upon
nis. to sprinkle, to moisten
ni_ to lead; to carry; to bring; to pass, to spend; to trace; deri. ni_ta, ne_tum
ni_l to be of a dark colour; to dye dark
ni_v to become fat
nr._ to carry
ne_d to censure; to be near
ne_s. to go

paks. to seize; to accept, to take aside
pac to cook; to bake, to burn; to digest, to ripen, to develop; deri. pakva; paktrima (ripened, matured, cooked)
pac to make clear
pat. to go
pat.h to declare, to mention, to cite, to study, to read, to recite
pan. to transact business, to deal in, to barter, to bet, to stake
pan., pan to praise; deri. pan.ita
pan.d. to go
pat to fall, to fly, to alight, to sink, to be degraded, to attack
pr.th to go
pay to go
pard to break wind
 
pap, pab to go
parv to fill
pal to go
pa_ to drink, to feast on, to swallow up; deri. pi_ta, pe_ya, nipa_ya, pibat
pit. to sound; to assemble; to heap together
pit. to injure; to kill; to feel pain
pin.d. to roll into a lump, to heap; to unite
pinv to sprinkle, to serve
pis to go
pi_l to check; to impede; to obstruct
pi_v to be fat or thick
pud. to grind
pun.d. to grind, to pound
punth to kill, to suffer pain
purv to fill
pul to be great or large; to be lofty or high, to be heaped up
pus. to nourish, to develop, to support; to enhance, to get
pu_ to purify or clean from chaff; deri. pu_ta or pavita, pavya or pa_vya, pavitum, pavama_na, pupuva_na
pu_y to split, to stink; deri. pu_ta
pu_l to collect, to gather, to heap up, to assemble
pu_s. to nourish, to increase, to grow
pr.s. to sprinkle, to hurt, to vex
pe_l to go
pe_v to serve
pe_s. to resolve upon, to strive diligently for
pe_s to go
pai to dry, to wither
pain. to go, to send, to touch, to embrace
pya_y to grow, to increase, to swell; deri. pi_na, pya_na
pyai to grow
prath to become famous, to increase, to spread abroad, to arise, to appear
pras to extend, to expand
pru to go, to jump
prut. to rub
prus., plus. to burn, to reduce to ashes
pre_s. to go
pro_th to be equal to, to be a match for, to be complete
plaks. to eat
plih to go
plu to go, to jump, to fly, to float, to swim; deri. plavya
phakk to behave ill, to go softly
phan. to go, to produce easily; deri. phan.ita, pha_n.t.a (in the second sense)
phal to bear fruit, to result, to succeed, to be useful or fruitful
phal to burst open, to split; deri. phulla, utphulla, sam.phulla, praphulta
phe_l to go
ban. to sound
bad to be steady or firm
badh to loathe; to be disgusted with, to shrink from; deriv. bi_bhatsita
barv to go
barh to be pre-eminent; to speak: to kill; to give
bal to breath; to hoard grain
balh to be pre-eminent
bam.h to grow, to increase
ba_d. to bathe; to dive
ba_dh to oppress, to torment
ba_h to endeavour
bit. to swear, to curse, to shout
bind to split, to cleave, to divide
bukk to bark; to sound; to yelp; to speak
budh to know; to understand; to think
budh to make known; to inform; to teach
bund to perceive; to apprehend; deri. budga, butva_
br.nn to grow, to increase
br.m.h to increase, to sound
be_h to endeavour
bhaks. to eat
bhaj to worship; to honour, to divide; to be attached to, to serve; deri. bhakta, bha_jya or bha_gya
bhat. to hire, to nourish
bhat. to speak, to call
bhan. to speak, to call
bhan.d. to speak, to jest, to chide
bhand to be prosperous or glad
bharv to kill
bhal, bhall to speak, to kill, to give
bhas. to bark, to revile
bha_m to be angry
bha_s. to speak, to say; to call, to describe
bha_s to shine, to appear, to become evident
bhiks. to ask; to beg for without obtaining, to be weary or distressed, to obtain
bhind to split, to divide
bhu_ to be; deri. bhu_ta, bha_vya, bhavya
bhu_s. to adorn, to decorate
bhr. to support, to bear, to have, to fill; deri. bhr.ta, bha_rya, bhartum, bhr.tva_
bhr.j to parch, to fry
bhe_s. to fear, to go
bhyas to fear
bhraks. to eat
bhran. to speak
bhram to roam about; deri. bhra_nta, bhra_mitva_
bhras' to fall, to drop down
bhram.s', bhram.s to fall, to drop down; deri. bhras.t.a
bhra_s' to shine, to glitter
bhre_j to shine, to glitter
bhre_s. to fear, to go
bhlaks. to eat
bhla_s' to shine, to glitter
bhle_s. to shine, to glitter
maks. to collect
makh to go
man:k to adorn, to decorate
man:kh, man:g to go
man:gh to go, to blame, to be moving, to cheat
man:gh to adorn, to decorate
mac to cheat, to boast, to pound
maj to be mad, to sound
mac to hold, to grow high, to adore
maj to sound
mat.h to grind, to dwell
man. to sound, to murmur
man.t.h to remember with regret; to grieve for
man.d. to divide, to clothe; to surround
man.d. to adorn oneself
manth to churn, to stir
manth to kill; to injure; to be afflicted; to suffer pain
manth to churn, to stir; to shake; to kill; to crush; to tear off
mand to praise; to be glad; to proud; to sleep; to shine; to move slowly
mabhr to go
may to go
marb to go
marv to fill
mal, mall to hold; to possess
mad to bind; to kill
mavya to bind
mas' to sound; to be angry
mas. to kill; to sound
mask to go
mah to worship; to revere
mam.h to grow old
ma_m.ks. to desire; to wish
ma_n to investigate; to examine; deri. mi_ma_m.sita
ma_h to measure
mith to understand; to hurt
mid to love, to melt; deri. minna or me_dita
mid to understand, to kill
midh to understand, to kill
minv to love; to sprinkle
mis' to make noise; to be angry
mis. to sprinkle, to wet, to serve; deri. mis.t.a
mis. to make noise
mih to sprinkle, to make water, to wet; deri. mi_d.ha, me_d.havya
mi_m to go
mi_l to close the eyes, to twinkle, to fade, to disappear
mi_v to grow fat or large
muj to sound
muc to cheat, to be wicked, to tell
muj to sound
mut., mud. to crush, to grind, to break
mun.t.h to protect, to run away
mun.d. to be pure, to sink
mun.d. to grind, to shave, to shear
mud to be glad, to rejoise
murch to faint, to increase, to grow, to become strong, to take effect on
murv to bind
mu_ to bind
mu_l to take root, to be firm, to accumulate
mu_s. to steal, to rob
mr.ks. to collect, to rub
mr.j to cleanse, to wipe off, to adorn, to sharpen
mr.dh to moisten, to kill; deri. mr.ddha, mardhitva_
mr.s. to sprinkle, to endure
me_ to return, to exchange; deri. mita, nima_ya, nimitya, apamitya, apama_ya, ma_tum
me_th to know, to understand, to kill, to hurt
me_dh to know, to kill, to meet
me_p to go
me_v to serve, to worship
mna_ to study, to repeat, to remember, to think; deri. mna_ta, mne_ya
mraks. to collect, to rub
mrad to crush, to pound
mruc, mluc to go or move; deri. mrukta, mro_citva_
mruc to go, to move; deri. mrukta, mrucitva_
mre_t., mre_d. to be mad
mluc to go, to move
mle_cch to speak indistinctly
mle_t., mle_d. to be mad
mle_v to serve, to worship
mlai to be sad, to become weary, to fade, to be emaciated; deri. mla_na, mle_ya

yaj to make an oblation to a deity, to associate with, to sacrifice, to worship, to give; deri. is.t.a, yas.t.avya, ya_jya, yas.t.um, samijya, is.t.va_
yat to strive after, to be watchful; deriv. yatta, yatitavya
yabh to cohabit; deri. yiyapsate_, yabdha, yabdhva_, yarbdhum
yam to check, to stop; deri. yata, yamya, yantum, yatva_, niyamya or niyatya, yacchatma_na, ye_mivas-ye_ma_na
yas to endeavour; deri. yasta, ya_sya, yasitva_
ya_c to beg, to ask, to solicit
yun:g to abandon, to desert
yucch to err, to be negligent
yuj to unite, to bind, to yoke; deri. yukta
yut to shine
yus. to injure, hurt or kill
ye_s. to try, to attempt
yaut., yaud. to bind
raks. to protect, to watch, to take care of
rakh to go
rag to doubt
ran:kh, ran:g to go, to move
ran:gh to go, to hasten
raj to be coloured, to redden, to dye, to be attached to, to be excited, to be pleased with; deri. rakta, ran:ktum, ran:ktva_ or raktva_, uparajya
rat., rat.h to roar, to yell, to proclaim aloud, to shout
ran. to sound, to ring, to jingle
ran. to go
ran.va to go
rad to split, to scratch
rap to talk, to speak
raph to kill, to go
rabh to begin, to desire, to act rashly; deri. rabdha, rabhya, rabdhum, rabdhva_, a_rabhya
ram to sport, to rest, to be pleased, to rejoice at, to have sexual intercourse with; deri. rata, ramya, rantum, ratva_ or ramitva_, viramya or viratya
ramph to go, to kill
ramb, rambh to sound
ray to go, to move
ras' to sound
ras to roar, to cry, to make noise, to praise
rah to abandon, to quit
ram.h to go, to move
ra_kh to dry, to adorn, to be able
ra_ghra to be able
ra_j to shine, to glitter, to appear like
ra_s', ra_s to sound
rikh to go, to move
rin:kh, rin:g to go, to move
ric to separate, to divide, to join; deri. rikta, riktva_, re_ktum
rin.v to go, to move
ris. to kill, to destroy, to injure
ru to go, to kill
ruc to shine, to please, to like, to appear good
rut. to strike, to oppose
rut. to strike down, to fell
run.t. to steal, to rob
run.t.h to steal; to be lame, to go
run.d. to steal
rus. to kill
ruh to grow from seed, to become manifest, to grow, to rise, to ascend; der. ru_d.ha, ro_hya, ro_d.hum, ru_d.hva_, a_ruhya
ru_s. to decorate, to smear, to cover
re_k to doubt
re_t. to speak, to ask, to request
re_p to go, to move
re_bh to speak
re_v to leap, to go, to move
re_gh to utter an inarticulate sound, to neigh, to roar
rai to sound
ro_d. to despise, to be mad
lakh to go, to move
lag to adhere to, to become united, to come in contact, to happen, to approach, to touch, to produce an effect; deri. lagna, lagita
lakh to go or move
lan:g to go, to limp
lan:gh to dry up, to diminish, to mount upon
lan:gh to go, to fast, to transgress
lacch to mark
laj to fry, to roast
laj to fry, to roast, to blame, to traduce
lat. to be a child, to act or talk like a child, to cry
lad. to play
lad. to loll the tongue, to churn; to blame, to harass
lan.d. to throw up
lan.d. to speak, to shine
lap to speak, to prate, to whisper
labh to get, to obtain, to take, to have to find, to be able, to know; der. labdha, labhya, labdhrima (produced by gain); labha_ (gain)
lamb to sound, to delay, to fall, to hang down
lay to go, to move
larb to go, to move
lal to play
las. to wish, to long for
las to embrace, to play, to shine
la_kh to dry; to adorn, to suffice
la_gh to be able
la_j, la_j to blame, to fry
la_ch to mark; to distinguish
lin:g to go; to move; (with a_ to embrace)
li_ to melt; deri. li_ta, le_ya, le_tum, le_s.yat
luc to remove; to pluck; deri. lucitva_ or lucitva_
luj to injure; to be strong; to take; to dwell; to speak; to shine
lut. to churn; to agitate; to be connected; to wallow; to roll
lut., lut.h to resist; to oppose
lut.h to strike, to knock down
lud. to churn; to stir; to disturb
lun.t., lun.t.h to rob; to plunder; to be idle; to resist; to be lame
lun.d. to steal or rob
lunth to strike, to suffer pain
lumb to torment
lul to move to and fro; to stir; to make tremulous
lu_s. to decorate
le_p to go; to move
lain. to go; to approach; to embrace; to send
lo_k, lo_c to see; to perceive
lo_d. to be mad
lo_s.t. to heap up
vaks. to be angry; to collect
vakh to go; to move
van:k to be crooked; to go
van:kh, van:g to go; to move
van:gh to go; to blame
vaj to go; to move
vac to go
vat. to cover; to surround
vat. to speak
vat.h to become fat
van. to sound
van.t., van.d. to divide
vat.h to go alone
vad to speak; to tell; to describe; to utter; deri. udita, va_dya; avadya (despicable); anudya (unutterable)
van to sound; to honour; to aid
van to act; deri. vata, vanitva_, vatva_
van.t. to salute respectfully; to praise
vap to sow; to plant; to procreate; to weave; to shave; to shear; deri. upta, vaptavya, va_pya, va_ptum, uptva_, uptrima
vabh to go; to move
vam to vomit, to drop; to emit; to give out; to reject
vay to go; to move
varc to shine
vars. to melt; to love
varh to speak; to kill; to kill or hurt; to give
val to cover; to move
val to cover; to move
valg to go; to move; to jump; to gallop; to be pleased
valbh to eat; to devour
vall to be covered; to go; to move
valh to speak, to kill or hurt; to give
vas. to hurt; to kill; to injure
vas to dwell; to live; deri. us.ita, pro_s.ya, vastum
vask to go; to move
vah to bear, to carry; to flow; to marry; to propel; deri. u_d.ha, va_hya or vahya, vo_d.hum, u_d.hva_, pro_hya, vahat-ma_na, vaks.yat-ma_n.a, u_ha_na
va_n:ks. to wish; to desire
va_ch to desire; to wish
va_h to endeavour
vit. to curse; to sound
vith to beg; to ask
vis. to sprinkle; deri. vis.t.a, ve_s.t.um
vun:g to abandon, to leave
vr. to cover; to conceal
vr.k to accept; to seize
vr.ks. to cover
vr.j to avoid
vr.t to be; to happen; to be presen; to act; to tend to; deri. vr.tta, vatim.ta, vartitva_, vr.tva_
vr.dh to incrase, to grow, to continue, to become joyful
vr.s. to rain, to sprinkle, to kill, to afflict, to give pain
ve_ to weave, to sew, to compose; deri. uta, ve_ya, va_tavya, utva_, prava_ya
ve_n., ve_n to go, to know, to consider, to play on an instrument, to take
ve_th to beg, to ask
ve_p to tremble, to shake
ve_l, ve_ll to go, to move; to shake; to tremble
ve_s.t. to surround, to dress
ve_h to endeavour
vai to be dry, to be languid; deri. vana, nirva_n.a
vyath to be vexed, to fear, to become dry
vyay to go, to move
vye_ to cover, to veil; deri. va_ta, vye_ya, vya_tum, sam.vya_ya, parivya_ya
vraj to go
vran. to sound
s'an:k to fear, to doubt, to suspect
s'ac to speak, to say, to tell
s'at. to be sick, to divide, to pierce, to go, to be weary
s'at.h to cheat, to defraud
s'an. to give, to go
s'ad. to hurt, to cause disease, to collect
s'ad to perish, to fall, to wither, to decay; deri. s'anna, s'aktum, s'atva_, a_s'aya, s'i_yama_na
s'ap to curse, to imprecate, to swear; deri. s'apta, s'apya, s'aptum, s'aptva_
s'arb to go, to move
s'arb to kill
s'al to go, to move
s'al to shake, to cover
s'albh to praise, to boast
s'av to go, to move
s'as' to jump, to dance
s'as. to kill
s'as to kill; deri. s'asta
s'am.s to praise, to be in distres, to tell, to indicate
s'am.s to wish, to expect, to bless
s'a_kh to pervade
s'a_d. to praise
s'a_n to whet
s'a_l to praise, to shine, to be endowed with, to tell
s'iks. to learn, to practise
s'ikh to go, to move
s'igh to smell
s'it. to disregard
s'is. to kill, to leave as a remainder
s'i_k to be angry, to touch
s'i_bh to boast
s'i_l to meditate, to intend
s'uc to regret, to grive for, to bewail
s'ucya to perform ablution, to squeeze out juice, to distil
s'ut., s'un.t.h to resist, to go lame
s'undh to purify
s'ubh, s'umbh to speak, to shine, to kill
s'ubh to shine, to look beautiful
s'u_l to be ill, to collect
s'r.s. to bring forth
s'r.dh to break wind
s'r.dh to moisten, to wet, to cut off
s'e_l to go, to move
s'e_v to worship, to serve
s'ai to cook
s'o_n. to be red, to go
s'aut. to be proud
s'cut, s'cyut to ooze, to diffuse
s'mi_l to wink
s'yai to go, to move, to wither; to dry up; deri. s'ya_na, s'i_na or s'i_ta (cold)
s'ran:ka, s'ran:g to go, to move
s'ran. to give
s'rath to kill
s'ranth to loosen
s'rambh to be careless, to err
s'ri to serve, to depend upon
s'ris to burn
s'ru to go, to move
s'rai to cook
s'ro_n. to heap together, to collect
s'lan:k, zs'lan:g to go, to move
s'lath to hurt
s'la_kh to pervade, to penetrate
s'la_gh to praise, to flatter, to boast
s'lis. to burn
s'lo_k to heap together, to collect, to versify
s'lo_n. to collect
s'van:k, s'vac, s'vac to go
s'val, s'vall to run
s'vi to move, to increase, to grow, to swell; deri. s'u_na, s'vaya, ucchu_ya
s'vit to be white; deri. s've_dita
s'vind to be white
*s.t.hiv to spit, to sputter; deri. s.t.yu_ta
s.vas.k to go
sag to cover
sac to sprinkle, to serve
se_c to be associated with
saj to cling to, to fasten, to embrace; deri. sakta, saja, sajat, se_jivas
sat. to be a part or portion
sad to divide, to break, to go, to wither, to despond, to be weary; deri. sanna, sa_dya, saktum, saktva_, nis.adya, si_dat, se_dis.as
san to dive
sap to connect
sam to be composed
samb to go, to creep
sarb to go, to move
sarv to go, to kill
sal to go, to move
sasj to go, to become ready
sah to suffer, to forbear, to be patient, to wait, to be able to resist, to conquer, to stop
sit. to disregard
sidh to go
sidh to ordain, to instruct, to do an auspicious act, to turn out auspiciously, to ward off, to restrain, to interdict
sinv to sprinkle
sibh to kill; deri. sibdha, sibhitva_
simbh to kill; deri. sibdha, simbhitva_
si_k to sprinkle
su to bring forth, to possess power or supremacy, to permit; deri. su_ta, sutva_, prasutya, so_tum
subh, sumbh to speak, to kill
su_d to distil, to strike, to hurt, to destroy, to leak, to deposit
su_rks. to respect
su_rks.ya to envy, to despise
sr. to go, to move, to approach, to slip, to blow, to flow; deri. sr.ta, sartavya, sartum, sa_rya, sarat
sr. to run
sr.p to go, to creep; deri. sr.pta, sarpitavya or sraptavya
sr.bh, sr.mbh to kill, to slay
se_k to go, to move
se_l to go, to move
se_v to serve, to honour, to follow, to use, to enjoy, to cultivate, to practise, to devote oneself to, to inhabit, to frequent, to guard, to protect
sai to waste away, to decline
skand to go, to be dry; deri. skanna, viskanna, skan:ktum, skan:ktva_
skambh to obstruct
skund to jump, to raise, to lift
skhad to destroy, to cut
skhal to stumble, to totter, to deviate, to blunder, to err, to stammer, to drop
stak to resist, to repel
staks. to go, to move
stag o cover
stan to sound, to thunder
stam to be confused, not to be confused
stambh to stop, to hinder, to become stiff or naughty, to paralyze, to fix firmly
stip to ooze
stuc to be pleased
stubh to stop
stuks. to go, to move
ste_p to ooze
stai to cover, to adorn
styai to sound, to collect into a heap, to spread about, to crowd
sthag to cover, to conceal
sthal to stand firm
stha_ to stand, to stay, to be; deri. sthita-sthe_ya, tis.t.ha_ya
snai to cover, to wrap, to adorn
syand to throb, to quiver
spardh to contend with, to vie with, to emulate, to challenge
spas' to obstruct, to touch, to perceive clearly, to undertake, to string together
spha_y to grow fat, to increase, to expand
sphut. to burst; to blossom; to blow
sphut. to split open
sphun.t., sphun.d. to open, to expand
sphurcch to spreak, to extend, to forget
sphu_rj to thunder, to explode, to glitter, to burst; deri. sphu_rjita, sphu_rn.a, sphu_rjathuh (a clap of thunder)
smi to smile, to expand, to bloom
smi_la to wink
smr. to remember, to recollect, to think upon, to recite mentally, to record in a smriti; deri. smr.ta, smartum smr.tva_
smr. to long for, to regret
syand to ooze, to feel; deri. syanna, syanditavya, syan:ktum
syam to sound, to shout
sran:k to go, to move
srambh to err; to entrust
sram.s to fall down, to drop, to slip off; to hang down
sru to go, to flow
sre_k to go, to move
svaj to embrace, to clasp, to encircle; deri. svakta, svan:ktum
svad to be pleasant to the taste, to be liked, to taste, to eat, to please
svan to sound, to sing
svan to deck, to adorn
svard to taste, to be pleasing
sva_d to taste, to be pleasing
svid to be greedy, to perspire, to be disturbed, to quit; deri. svinna, sve_dita
svr. to sound, to praise, to pain; deri. svr.ta, svaritavya
hat. to shine
hat.h to leap, to be wicked, to treat with violence
had to void or discharge excrement; deri. hanna, hattva_, haktum
hamm, hay to go, to move
hary to go, to shine
hal to plough, to make furrows, to go
has to laugh, to smile, to joke, to open, to resemble, to ridicule
hikk to make any indistinct sound
hit. to curse, to swear, to shout
hid. to go, to wander, to disregard
hinv to please, to satisfy
him.s to kill
hud. to go
hun.d. to collect, to select, to take away
hurch to be crooked, to deceive
hul to go
hu_d. to go
hr. to carry, to bring, to take, to steal, to acquire, to captivate, to charm; deri. hr.ta, hartavya, ha_rya, hartum, hr.tva_
hr.s. to tell a lie; deri. hr.s.t.a, hars.itum
he_t., he_t.h to be wicked, to vex
he_d. to surround, to clothe
he_d. to disrgard
he_s. to bray; to roar, (in general) to neigh (as a horse)
ho_d. to go, to move
ho_d. to disregard
hal to shake, to go
hag to cover, to conceal
has to sound, to become small
ha_d to sound, to row
hi_ch to be ashamed or modest, to blush
hre_s. to neigh (as a horse), to go, to creep
hlag to cover, to conceal
hlas to sound
hla_d to sound, to be glad; deri. hlanna
hval to move, to shake, to be confused, to be afflicted
hvr. to be crooked, to deceive
hve_ to vie with, to challenge, to call, to ask, to invoke; der. hu_ta, hve_ya, hva_tum, a_hu_ya

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高度屈折的語言似乎都是單音節詞根。梵文就是。諸位有其他例子嗎

应该是古代语言普遍辅音多于元音的原因吧

似乎支持楼上的例子蛮多的，但是能不能这样说，不肯定。

如果词根里的元音都能固定的话，那现代语言的词汇分化恐怕也就没那么大了吧。。。

辅音不变元音变，还能猜测，反之则不能。直觉方言的变化看元音，独立语言靠辅音。无稽之谈，不用计较。

我是这么理解的，词根如果是多音节（包括双音节）的话，那恐怕现在语言的词汇只有两种情况：1.词汇普遍都很长（不算复合词），2..词汇相似程度高。就我所知的印欧语的词根都是单音节的。
方言的变化看元音，独立语言靠辅音。首先，方言既然为方言，必然不如独立语言之间的差异大；其次，同语系中的不同语言中的同源词词形虽不同，但其变化都是有规可循的。

首先，方言既然为方言，必然不如独立语言之间的差异大；其次，同语系中的不同语言中的同源词词形虽不同，但其变化都是有规可循的。nemecko 发表于 2010-4-30 23:44

語言的獨立首先牽涉到政治因素。一種語言的方言差別不管大小，如果涉及政治，完全可以成為獨立語言。你的明白？

好难啊 学不会

最難的十種語言還輪不上梵語，哈啊哈。