[语言交流]小亚细亚（三语阅读）

安那托利亚(Anatolia‎；ανατολή‎)，又名小亚细亚或西亚美尼亚，是亚洲西南部的一个半岛，位于里海和地中海之间。现时安那托利亚的全境属于土耳其。但亚美尼亚及争取独立的库尔德斯坦都宣称拥有该半岛的部份或全部主权。

名字的意思

安那托利亚是土耳其语，意思就是“被母亲充满”或“太阳上升”，隐含着这片地方位于欧洲东部的意思。

地理

安那托利亚像一座桥连接着亚洲和欧洲大陆。安那托利亚高原是一个位于中心地区的半干旱大高原，四周由连绵的山丘和山脉围绕。很多地方都受到地理上的限制，因此要接近富饶的地区很困难，也就造成了浓密的人口聚居在海岸地区。

安那托利亚的地形结构很复杂。上升了的地块和低洼地槽组成一座中央的山丘，覆盖在上的新堆积物形成了高原表面上粗糙的地形。山丘楔入在两段聚合在西边的褶皱山脉之间。真正的低地位于黑海和地中海一小部分的狭窄海岸线。平坦和微微倾斜的土地很稀少，而且大部分位于在‘哈利河’（Halys River）三角洲、‘西利西亚省’（Cilicia）的滨海平原、以及‘机地斯河’（Gediz Rive])谷底和‘比约克弯河’(Büyükmenderes River)、还有部分安那托利亚内陆的高处平原，但还是主要地围绕在‘塔斯哥路盐湖’（Tuz Gölü）和科尼亚盆地（Konya Ovas）。

黑海地区拥有陡峭和布满岩石的海岸，还有河流于海岸山脉的山峡像瀑布般喷流直下。少数较大的河流横穿‘假牙山脉’（Pontic Mountains），支流散布于辽阔高拔的盆地。由海岸到内陆的连接被一些由起伏的山脊而造成的狭窄山谷所限制，‘咔卡山脉’（Kackar Moutains)西部的海拔从1525到1800米而东边的更有3000至4000米高，形成一堵近乎完整的墙分隔着海边和内陆地区。面向西北方较高的斜坡趋向拥有茂密的树林。因为这些自然环境，所以黑海海岸有史以来都是和安那托利亚隔绝的。

北安那托利亚山就像一条铁链横穿与黑海海岸平行的褶皱高地。西边的山脉的海拔较低，仅仅超过1500米，不过越向东边海拔就越高，及至‘莱滋’（Rize）的南边，这里的海拔有超过3000米那么高。南边的山坡 - 座向安那托利亚高原 - 大部分都是不长树木的，北边的山坡却有着生长得很密集的落叶树和常青树。

具有集中的耕作地、高达海拔2000至2750米的‘托拉斯山脉’（可译作‘金牛座山脉’，Taurus mountains]从中将地中海地区狭窄的沿岸平原跟安那托利亚高原分隔开。肥沃的土壤和温暖的气候使致地中海海岸很适合种植柑桔、葡萄、无花果、香蕉、各种蔬菜、大麦、小麦，还有在进行灌溉的地方 - 稻米和棉花。在东边的‘苦卡劳法’（Çukurova）平原在地中海地区中是农业最发达的地方之一。

由爱琴海（Aegean)沿岸平原伸延开的内部陆地中部安那托利亚占据着褶皱山的两个地带之间的区域，向东伸展到两座山脉汇合的一点。像高原的半干旱安那托利亚高地被认为该国家的中心地。这地区的海拔高度由西到东由600升到1200米。科尼亚盆地（KonyaOvasi)以及由一个大盐湖占据的‘塔斯哥路’（Tuz Gölü)盆地是高原上最大的两个盆地。两个盆地的特点都是内陆的排水区域。高原的西北和东北部分别为树木繁茂地域的边界。

本都山脉（Pontus mountains)和金牛座山脉(Taurus mountains)汇合在的安那托利亚东部地区是具有高海拔、更加严峻的气候、比安那托利亚高原的降水量更多的一个崎岖地带。这个地区被认为是‘反金牛座’（Anti-Taurus)，它的高峰的平均海拔超过3000米。阿勒山（Mount Ararat)是土耳其的最高点 - 5137米高，位于‘反金牛座’山脉中。‘范湖’（Lake Van）坐落在海拔1546米高的山上。三条重要的河流都起源于‘反金牛座’山脉：向东流的‘阿拉斯’（Aras）流进里海（Caspian Sea)；向南的幼发拉底河（Euphrates)；还有向南的底格里斯河（Tigris)，在流入‘波斯海湾’（Persian Gulf)之前先与幼发拉底河接合在伊拉克。流进黑海或者流进被陆地所包围的‘范湖’的几条小溪都是源自这些山脉。

安那托利亚的东南部、‘反金牛座山脉’的南部这个地区布满起伏的山丘，还有一个辽阔的高原表面延伸至叙利亚。海拔由大约800米逐渐地减低至南边的大约500米。传统上，小麦和大麦曾经是该地区的重要农作物，但是在八十年代开始的新灌溉计划带来了农业的多样化和发展。

在海岸边的山脉防止着来自地中海沿岸向内推移，令到土耳其内部的大陆气候很独特的季节。然而安那托利亚高原比沿海地带遭受着更多的极端影响。冬天的高原更是特别的严峻。东边的山脉地区的气温可以低至-30摄氏度到-40摄氏度，而且一年中120天地面都可能覆盖上冰雪。在西边，冬天的平均气温低于1摄氏度。夏天趋于炎热和干燥，气温高于30摄氏度。平均年降水量大约400毫米，而实际数量随着海拔的高度而改变。最热的地区是科尼亚盆地（Konya Ovasi)和‘马拉亚盆地’（Malatya Ovasi)，年降雨量常常少于300毫米。五月份通常是最多雨的还有七月和八月份是最干燥的。

PS：以单引号标明的地名非正式译名，请参照英文名。

历史

由于小亚细亚的地理位置位于深具战略意义的欧亚交界，从史前年代开始，这里就已是多个不同民族的摇篮。

[English][土耳其语]
Wikipedia

Anatolia or Anatolian Peninsula is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion, (Eastern) Thrace; tr:Trakya. (Throughout the history Rumelia (tr:Rumeli) used to refer to the European lands of the Ottoman Empire).

Etymology

The name comes from the Greek: Aνατολή Αnatolē or Ανατολία Anatolía, which means "rising of the sun" or "East". The Turkish form Anadolu derives from the original Greek version and is often associated with ana "mother" by popular etymology. [citation needed] It is also often called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, which comes from Greek Mikra Asia.

Geography

The Anatolian Peninsula is situated bridge-like between the mainlands of Asia and Europe. The Anatolian Plateau is the large, semiarid central plateau, which is rimmed by hills and mountains that in many places limit access to the fertile, densely settled coastal regions.

Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Halys River, the coastal plains of Cilicia, and the valley floors of the Gediz River and the Büyükmenderes River, and some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around Tuz Gölü (Salt Lake) and Konya Ovasi (Konya Basin).

The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Dogukaradeniz Daglari), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 meters in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 meters in the east in Kackar mountains, form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing northwest tend to be densely forested. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia.

The North Anatolian Mountains in the north are an interrupted chain of folded highlands that generally parallel the Black Sea coast. In the west, the mountains tend to be low, with elevations rarely exceeding 1,500 meters, but they rise in an easterly direction to heights greater than 3,000 meters south of Rize. Lengthy, troughlike valleys and basins characterize the mountains. Rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea. The southern slopes—facing the Anatolian Plateau—are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees.

The narrow coastal plains of the Mediterranean region, separated from the Anatolian plateau by the Taurus Mountains, which reach elevations of 2,000 to 2,750 meters, are cultivated intensively. Fertile soils and a warm climate make the Mediterranean coast ideal for growing citrus fruits, grapes, figs, bananas, various vegetables, barley, wheat, and, in irrigated areas, rice and cotton. The Çukurova in the east is a plain that is the most developed agricultural area of the Mediterranean region.

Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, the Central Anatolian occupies the area between the two zones of the folded mountains, extending east to the point where the two ranges converge. The plateau-like, semiarid highlands of Anatolia are considered the heartland of the country. The region varies in elevation from 600 to 1,200 meters from west to east. The two largest basins on the plateau are the Konya Ovasi and the basin occupied by the large salt lake, Tuz Gölü. Both basins are characterized by inland drainage. Wooded areas are confined to the northwest and northeast of the plateau.

Eastern Anatolia, where the Pontus and Taurus mountain ranges converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian Plateau. The region is known as the Anti-Taurus, and the average elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 meters. Mount Ararat, at 5,137 meters the highest point in Turkey, is located in the Anti-Taurus. Lake Van is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 meters. The headwaters of three major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing Aras, which empties into the Caspian Sea; the south-flowing Euphrates; and the south-flowing Tigris, which eventually joins the Euphrates in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains.

Southeast Anatolia south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 meters in the north to about 500 meters in the south. Traditionally, wheat and barley were the main crops of the region, but the inauguration of major new irrigation projects in the 1980s has led to greater agricultural diversity and development.

Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct seasons. The Anatolian Plateau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal areas. Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of -30°C to -40°C can occur in the mountainous areas in the east, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1°C. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30°C. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimeters, with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya Ovasi and the Malatya Ovasi, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimeters. May is generally the wettest month and July and August the driest.

History

Because of its strategic location at the intersection of Asia and Europe, Anatolia has been a cradle for several civilizations since prehistoric ages, with Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük (Pottery Neolithic), Çayönü (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to pottery Neolithic), Nevali Cori (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B), Hacilar (Pottery Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin. The settlement of Troy starts in the Neolithic and continues forward into the Iron Age. Major civilizations and peoples that have settled in or conquered Anatolia include the Colchians, Hattians, Luwians, Hittites, Phrygians, Cimmerians, Lydians, Persians, Celts, Tabals, Meshechs, Greeks, Pelasgians, Armenians, Romans, Goths, Kurds, Byzantines, Seljuk Turks, and Ottomans. These peoples belonged to many varied ethnic and linguistic traditions. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken both Indo-European and Semitic languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated. Other authors have proposed an Anatolian origin for the Etruscans of ancient Italy.

Today the inhabitants of Anatolia are mostly native speakers of the Turkish language, which was introduced with the conquest of Anatolia by Turkic peoples and the rise of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century. However, Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). The last population exchange "Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey", as result of the Treaty of Lausanne, between Turkey and Greece eliminated the majority of Turks in Greece and Greeks in Turkey. A significant Kurdish ethnic and linguistic minority exists in the south eastern regions, while Armenians and Georgians used to have a presence in the northeast.

[中文][土耳其语]
Wikipedia

Anadolu, Asya kıtası'nın Güneybatı ucunda yer alan bir yarımada'dır. Tamamı Türkiye'de bulunur. Yüzölçümü 647,500 km2 olan bu yarımadanın kuzeyinde Karadeniz, batısında Marmara ve Ege denizleri, güneyinde ise Akdeniz yer almaktadır. Doğusunda Gürcistan, Ermenistan, Azerbaycan, İran, güneyinde ise Irak ve Suriye ile kara sınırları oluşturur.

Etimoloji

Anadolu: Yunanca: ανατολη anatole, "doğu" Anadolu'nun tarih boyunca geçen isimleri şöyle sıralanabilir: Anatolia(Güneşin doğduğu yer). Türkiye´de kabul edilmeyen, fakat uluslararası kamuoyunda kullanılan diğer tabirler: Ön Asya, Küçük Asya. Anadoluya bazı kaynaklarda Küçük Asya da denmektedir. Bu kelimenin Latincesi Asia Minor

Selçuklu devrinde geçen Anadolu Efsanesi´nde kelimenin kökeni Türkçe ana ve dolu sözcükleri ile açıklanmakta.