[语言交流]波斯语与中古伊朗语有相同之处吗

因为喜欢西域史，非常想学中古伊朗语，但是有几个概念搞不清楚，请高人指点
   波斯语、古波斯语、中古伊朗语他们之间有相同只处吗？有何联系？

说实话 我不是非常在行的...  知道多少说道少啦~

波斯民族最早的语言文字是古波斯语楔形文字，从大流士一世到亚历山大征服波斯帝国使用，之后是波斯帝国希腊化时期。伊朗高原上的希腊移民及后裔建立了塞琉古帝国，希腊语为官方语言。起源于里海西南的帕提亚人建立的安息王朝推翻塞琉古帝国之后，中古波斯语开始使用——分为东西两支：习惯上称东支为“中古波斯语”，中古波斯语基本使用于安息萨珊两个王朝。萨珊王朝被阿拉伯人摧毁之后，伊朗并入阿拉伯帝国版图，官方语言为阿拉伯语。直到10世纪在伊朗形成新波斯语（达里波斯语），由达里波斯语发展为现代波斯语。现在两者统称波斯语，很相近。

在书上读到的~ 在详细的我就帮不上什么忙了…… 等咱们的波斯语专业人士来解答吧~

History of the Persian Languages[table=98%,#fff][tr][td][/td][/tr][tr][td]Proto-Iranian (ca. 1500 BCE) Southwestern Iranian languages
[/td][/tr][tr][td]Old Persian (c. 525 BCE - 300 BCE) Old Persian cuneiform script
[/td][/tr][tr][td]Middle Persian (c.300 BCE-800 CE) Pahlavi script • Manichaean script • Avestan script
[/td][/tr][tr][td]Modern Persian (from 800) Perso-Arabic script
[/td][/tr][/table]Persian is an Iranian tongue belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The oldest records in Old Persian date back to the Persian Empire of the 6th century BC.
The known history of the Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods:

Old PersianOld Persian evolved from Proto-Iranian as it evolved in the Iranian plateau's southwest. The earliest dateable example of the language is the Behistun Inscription of the Achaemenid Darius I (r. 522 BC - ca. 486 BC). Although purportedly older texts also exist (such as the inscription on the tomb of Cyrus II at Pasargadae), these are actually younger examples of the language. Old Persian was written in Old Persian cuneiform, a script unique to that language and is generally assumed to be an invention of Darius I's reign.
After Aramaic, or rather the Achaemenid form of it known as Imperial Aramaic, Old Persian is the most commonly attested language of the Achaemenid age. While examples of Old Persian have been found wherever the Achaemenids held territories, the language is attested primarily in the inscriptions of Western Iran, in particular in Parsa "Persia" in the southwest, the homeland of the tribes that the Achaemenids (and later the Sassanids) came from.
In contrast to later Persian, written Old Persian had an extensively inflected grammar, with eight cases, each declension subject to both gender - masculine, feminine, neuter - and number - singular, plural, dual.

Middle PersianIn contrast to Old Persian, whose spoken and written forms must have been dramatically different from one another, written Middle Persian reflected oral use, and was thus much simpler than its ancestor. The complex conjugation and declension of Old Persian yielded to a simple internal structure of Middle Persian; the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Instead, Middle Persian used prepositions to indicate the different roles of words, for example an -i suffix to denote a possessive "from/of" rather than the multiple (subject to gender and number) genitive caseforms of a word.
Although the "middle period" of Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old- to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century. However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in Sassanid era (224 - 651) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle Persian is not attested until much later, to the 6th or 7th century. And from the 8th century onwards, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle-period form only continuing in the texts of Zoroastrian tradition.
The native name of Middle Persian was Parsik or Parsig, after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of Pars", Old Persian Parsa, New Persian Fars. This is the origin of the name Farsi as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state, Parsik came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in Arabic script. From about the 9th century onwards, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called Pahlavi, which was actually but one of the writing systems used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i.e. from the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i.e. from the northeast). While Rouzbeh (Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa, 8th century) still distinguished between Pahlavi (i.e. Parthian) and Farsi (i.e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date.

New Persian
Early New Persian
Classic PersianThe Islamic conquest of Persia marks the beginning of the new history of Persian language and literature. It saw world-famous poets and was for a long time the lingua franca of the eastern parts of Islamic world and of the Indian subcontinent. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including Samanids, the Mughal Empire, Timurids, Ghaznavid, Seljuq, Safavid, Ottomans and also many Mughal successor states such as the Nizams etc. The heavy influence of Persian on other languages can still be witnessed across the Islamic world, especially, and it is still appreciated as a literary and prestigious language among the educated elite, especially in fields of music (for example Qawwali) and art (Persian literature). After the Arab invasion of Persia, Persian began to adopt many words and structures from Arabic and as time went by, a few words were even taken from Altaic languages under the Mongol Empire and Turco-Persian society.

Contemporary Persian
A variant of the Iranian standard ISIRI 2901 keyboard layout for Persian.


Since the nineteenth century, Russian, French and English and many other languages contributed to the technical vocabulary of Persian. The Iranian National Academy of Persian Language and Literature is responsible for evaluating these new words in order to initiate and advise their Persian equivalents. The language itself has greatly developed during the centuries. Due to technological developments, new words and idioms are created and enter into Persian as they do into any other language.

Examples

Persian	IPA	Gloss
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و از دید حیثیت و حقوق با هم برابرند, همه دارای اندیشه و وجدان می‌باشند و باید دربرابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند	hameje afrɒd baʃar ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjand o az dide hejsijat o hoɢuɢ bɒ ham barɒbarand ǁ hame dɒrɒje andiʃe o vedʒdɒn mibɒʃand o bɒjad dar barɒbare jekdigar bɒ ruhe barɒdari raftɒr konand	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

—Article 1 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[ 本帖最后由 hongwei0315 于 2008-12-3 16:55 编辑 ]

Wiki上面摘下来的 就是不知道为什么给黑了……

作参考吧~ 更详细的~

楼上的兄弟谢了
因为我本身不是学波斯语的，如果直接报考北京大学的中古伊朗语的研究生是不是很困难？

这个啊... 我就真的不知道了 我不是北大的 对北大的情况也不是非常了解的...

推荐你找咱们论坛的dariush问一下~~