[语言交流]沃拉普克语基础教程：第四课

Volapük Vifik: Lärnod Folid"Bits and bobs"An introduction to the various bits and pieces of Volapük is now opportune. Several of these you have met already, but now you havethe chance to have an overall look at the various categories into which they fall, thus giving added colour and variety to the language:
Interjections (bringing all sorts of emotions out into the open), such as: Ooh! Nonsense! Aha! Hey! Wow! Oh no! Oh yes! I say! Hurrah! Look! Bye!
Ag!    Fi!     Ha!  He!   Ö!   Nö!     Si!    Sö!     Yö!    Ekö!  Adyö!
What's more, any other suitable words can also be made into interjections simply by adding the final vowel -ö. For example: Thanks! Of course! Dear me! Look out! Shut up! Get a move on! Halt!  Make way!
Danö!    Fumö!     Liedö!   Prüdö!    Seilö!      Spidö!     Stopö!   Zedö!
Conjunctions (joining up different words and sentences), such as:
but, because, though, while, and, if, than, so, neither...nor, or, even if, moreover
Ab,    Bi,     Do,     Du,    E,  If,  Ka,  Klu,   Ni ... Ni,  U,    Üf,      Zu
Again, any other suitable words can also be made into conjunctions simply by adding the final vowel -ä, for example:
provided that, before, on the other hand, by reason of which, only when,
Bisä        Büä          Güauml;                Kodä            Pasä
Prepositions (bridging the gap between a word and its neighbour noun or pronoun):
through, of/from, under, by, in front of, into, according to, by means of, without, with
Da,      De,     Dis,  Fa,     Fo,      Ini,       Ma,          Me,        Nen,    Ko
Yet again, any other suitable words can also be made prepositions by the simple addition of -ü, for example:
with regard to, at the house of, in favour of, in the name of, near to, made of, comprising
Demü,           Domü,           Gönü,         Nemü,        Nilü,    Binü,      Labü
Always remember that in Volapük all prepositions govern the Nominative case!
Last of all, although adverbs are normally characterized by the ending -o, they do also have their very own rogues amongst the bits and bobs,for example:
always, perhaps, also, here, extremely, more, only, almost, there, already, however
Ai,     Ba,     I,    Is,     Mu,     Plu,   Te,    Ti,     Us,     Ya,     Ye
all of them playing their own part in the whole -- in other words all bits and bobs!

Welcome to the fourth part of our rapid, interactive course in Volapük vifik in which we start, as usual, with some more words for you to practiseout loud:

ad = in order to
ai = always
asä = as also, as well as  
bakaston = a brick  
banacem = a bathroom  
binü = (made) of  
bumot = a building  
cim = a chimney  
dabinön = to exist  
demön = to demonstrate  
dese = from out of  
din = a thing (a matter)  
disnufaspadäd = a loft (space)  
do = though  
dustodik = industrial  
fenät = a window  
fidacem = a dining room  
flumed = a river  
fo = before (= place)  
gad = a garden  
garad = a garage  
gianagretik = enormous, gigantic  
härbat = a vegetable  
horit = (the) horizon  
is = here  
it = (one)self  
jonidön (as) = to serve (as)
kipedöp = a store  
kleiliko = clearly, plainly  
klünacem = a cloakroom  
kvisinöp = a kitchen  
labü = comprising, having  
lavöp = a laundry  
legad = a (public) park  
len = at, by, on  

löpik = upper, upstairs  
lotan = a guest  
lunik = long  
mens = people (in general)  
miotik = dirty  
mutön = to compel (= must)  
nen = without  
nilü = near to  
nog bal = one more, another  
nufalucem = an attic  
plöp = prosperity  
plöpön = to prosper  
po = behind (= place)  
pötet = a potato  
redik = red  
retik = remaining  
rop = interruption  
saidik = enough, sufficient  
sälun = a lounge  
se = out of  
seil = quietness, silence  
slipacem = a bedroom  
sököl = following  
sparag = asparagus  
tead = floor, storey  
tefü = about, regarding  
tö = at, on  
tuvön = to find  
tvalet = a lavatory, a toilet  
us = there  
valasotik = all (kinds)  
vidik = broad, wide  
voböp = a workplace  
yad = a yard  
zilo = enthusiastically, hard  
  
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1. Read aloud, then translate the following story into English:
Dom obsik topon len flumed nilü zifil dustodik. Do dabinons legadse bumots nulädiks, tö horit mens ai elogons cimis gianagretik miotik, kels edemons kleiliko plöpi zifila. Is mutoy zilo vobönad plöpön!
In dom obsik labobs cemis sököl: lavöp, kvisinöp, fidacem, sälun asä tvalet e klünacem pro lotans e visitans votik.
Slipacems fol binons in tead löpik, asä banacem e tvalet nog bal pro famülans.
In nufalucem, fat obik ed ob it kanobs tuvön seili saidik ad studön e vobön nen rop mödik.
Dese fenät smalik us, logoy fo dom luniki gadi vidik labüflors, bims e härbats; po dom logoy yadi, asä garadi binü bakastons, in kel binon i voböp.
Disnufaspadäd retik jonidon as kipedöp pro dins votik valasotik.
2. The verb ending -oy means "one" as in: logoy = one sees. It is always singular. Can you make five other such examples?
3. The tiny particle -li? shows that a question has been asked. It is always unemphasized. It is tacked onto the end of a verb where this exists; if there isn't one, it is tacked onto the most relevant of the other words. A very useful way of avoiding ambiguity! Note two useful expressions: no-li? = isn't it? and vo-li? = is that so? How would you translate: Tö horit-li? Esagof-li?
4. Answer the following questions on the above in Volapük:
Kiöpo (= Where) topon-li dom hiela Samül? Kisi (=What) logoy-li tö horit? Cemis liomödotik (= how many) laboy-liin dom? Kisi logoy-li dese fenät smalik nufalucema? E disnufaspadädretik-li?
5. Now answer the following questions about your own residence in Volapük:
Kiöpo topon-li dom olik? Cems liomödotik dabinons-li domüol? Labol-li nufalucemi? Kisi kipol-li (= keep) in spadäd dis nuf? Kisi logoy-li fo dom olik? Labol-li garadi e voböpi u studacemi? Desefenät gretik olik, kisi logoy-li po dom?