[语言交流]汤加语 资源发布

各位大虾 好：

小弟发现了声同小语种论坛，觉得真的很好。

潜水了很长时间，现在上来透口气，

现在小弟刚好经过南太平洋岛国，汤加

发现当地人普遍都说汤加语，兄弟不懂啊，汗

麻烦哪位能不能发一些汤加语的资料过来，方便兄弟参考一下。

这厢有礼先！！

只找到一些介绍的资料~~
介紹
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Tongan is spoken in the Tonga Islands, a kingdom in the South Pacific Ocean just west of the International Date Line. Another of the Polynesian languages, it has about 100,000 speakers. The English word taboo is of Tongan origin.

湯加語 用于湯加 。

Language Family
 Family: Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian)
 Subgroup: Polynesian

書寫樣式

图片：汤加语书写样式.gif

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翻譯
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There was a virgin named Hina, and she and the handsome man Sinilau heard reports of one another, and as time went on and they continually heard one another's praises, Hina could rest no longer, because of her thoughts of Sinilau. So one day she clothed herself with her fine mat, and took her necklace and put it on, and she went with a pole and leaped into the sea, and swam, and came to the land of Sinilau.

汤加语(又称东加语，当地名称：lea fakatonga) 为一种南岛语族语言，主要用於汤加王国，基本语序为VSO
字母：东加语使用拉丁字母，以下为东加语使用的字母： a e f h i k l m n ng o p s t u v '

这位朋友很急啊~ 我把wiki的直接贴过来了 希望能有帮助~~

Tongan language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tongan (lea fakatonga) is an Austronesian language spoken in Tonga. It has around 100,000 speakers and is a national language of Tonga. It is a VSO (Verb-Subject-Object) language.

Related languages
Tongan is one of the many languages in the Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages, along with Hawaiian, Maori, Samoan and Tahitian, for example. Together with Niuean, it forms the Tongic subgroup of Polynesian. By comparing Tongic to the other subgroup, Nuclear Polynesian, it is possible to reconstruct the phonology of Proto-Polynesian, the theoretical source of the Polynesian languages.
Tongan is unusual among Polynesian languages in that it has a so-called definitive accent. Like all Polynesian languages, Tongan has adapted the phonological system of proto-Polynesian.

[*]Tongan has retained the original proto-Polynesian *h, but has merged it with the original *s as /h/. (The /s/found in modern Tongan derives from *t before high front vowels). MostPolynesian languages have lost the original proto-Polynesian glottalstop /q/; however, it has been retained in Tongan and a few other languages including Rapa Nui.[*]In proto-Polynesian, *r and *l were distinct phonemes, but in mostPolynesian languages they have merged, represented orthographically as r in most East Polynesian languages, and as l in most West Polynesian languages. However, the distinction can be reconstructed because Tongan kept the *l but lost the *r.
[table][tr][td]
[/td][td=10,1]Polynesian sound correspondences[/td][/tr][tr][td]Phoneme[/td][td]Proto-Polynesian[/td][td]Tongan[/td][td]Niuean[/td][td]Sāmoan[/td][td]Rapa Nui[/td][td]Tahitian[/td][td]Māori[/td][td]Cook Is. Māori[/td][td]Hawaiian[/td][td]English[/td][/tr][tr][td]/ŋ/[/td][td]*taŋata[/td][td]tangata[/td][td]tangata[/td][td]tagata[/td][td]tangata[/td][td]taʻata[/td][td]tangata[/td][td]tangata[/td][td]kanaka[/td][td]man[/td][/tr][tr][td]/s/[/td][td]*sina[/td][td]hina[/td][td]hina[/td][td]sina[/td][td]hina[/td][td]hinahina[/td][td]hina[/td][td]ʻina[/td][td]hina[/td][td]grey-haired[/td][/tr][tr][td]/h/[/td][td]*kanahe[/td][td]kanahe[/td][td]kanahe[/td][td]ʻanae[/td][td]
[/td][td]ʻanae[/td][td]kanae[/td][td]kanae[/td][td]ʻanae[/td][td]mullet[/td][/tr][tr][td]/ti/[/td][td]*tiale[/td][td]siale[/td][td]tiale[/td][td]tiale[/td][td]tiare[/td][td]tiare[/td][td]tīare[/td][td]tiare[/td][td]kiele[/td][td]Gardenia[/td][/tr][tr][td]/k/[/td][td]*waka[/td][td]vaka[/td][td]vaka[/td][td]vaʻa[/td][td]vaka[/td][td]vaʻa[/td][td]waka[/td][td]vaka[/td][td]waʻa[/td][td]canoe[/td][/tr][tr][td]/f/[/td][td]*fafine[/td][td]fafine[/td][td]fifine[/td][td]fafine[/td][td]hahine[/td][td]vahine[/td][td]wahine[/td][td]vaʻine[/td][td]wahine[/td][td]woman[/td][/tr][tr][td]/ʔ/[/td][td]*matuqa[3][/td][td]matuʻa[/td][td]motua[/td][td]matua[/td][td]matuʻa[/td][td]metua[/td][td]matua[/td][td]metua, matua[/td][td]makua[/td][td]parent[/td][/tr][tr][td]/r/[/td][td]*rua[/td][td]ua[/td][td]ua[/td][td]lua[/td][td]rua[/td][td]rua[/td][td]rua[/td][td]rua[/td][td]lua[/td][td]two[/td][/tr][tr][td]/l/[/td][td]*tolu[/td][td]tolu[/td][td]tolu[/td][td]tolu[/td][td]toru[/td][td]toru[/td][td]toru[/td][td]toru[/td][td]kolu[/td][td]three[/td][/tr][/table]

Tongan alphabet
In the old, "missionary" alphabet, the vowels were put first and then followed by the consonants (a, e, i, o, u, f... etc.). This was still so as of the Privy Councildecision of 1943 on the orthography of the Tongan language. However,C.M. Churchward's grammar and dictionary favoured the standard Europeanalphabetical order, and since his time that one has been in useexclusively:

[*]a - /a/[*]e - /e/[*]f - /f/[*]h - /h/[*]i - /i/[*]k - /k/[*]l - /l/[*]m - /m/[*]n - /n/[*]ng - /ŋ/ (written as g but still pronounced as [ŋ] (as in Samoan) before 1943}[*]o - /o/[*]p - /p/ unaspirated; written as b before 1943[*]s - /s/ sometimes written as j before 1943 (see below)[*]t - /t/ unaspirated[*]u - /u/[*]v - /v/[*]ʻ (fakauʻa) - /ʔ/ the glottal stop. It should be written with the inverted curly apostrophe (unicode 0x02BB) and not with the single quote open or with a mixture of quotes open and quotes close. See also ʻokina.

Note that the above order is strictly followed in proper dictionaries. Therefore ngatu follows nusi, ʻa follows vunga and it also follows z if foreign words occur. Words with long vowels come directly after those with short vowels. Improper wordlists may or may not follow these rules. (For example the Tonga telephone directory for years now ignores all rules.) The original j, used for /ʧ/, disappeared in the beginning of the 20th century, merging with /s/. By 1943, j was no longer used. Consequently, many words written with s in Tongan are cognate to those with t in other Polynesian languages. For example, Masisi (a star name) in Tongan is cognate with Matiti in Tokelauan; siale (Gardenia taitensis) in Tongan and tiare in Tahitian. This seems to be a natural development, as /ʧ/ in many Polynesian languages derived from Proto-Polynesian /ti/.

Syllabification

[*]Each syllable has exactly one vowel. The number of syllables in a word is exactly equal to the number of vowels it has.

[*]Long vowels, indicated with a toloi (macron),count as one, but may in some circumstances be split up in two shortones, in which case, they are both written. Toloi are supposed to bewritten where needed, in practice this may be seldom done.

[*]Each syllable may have no more than one consonant.

[*]Consonant combinations are not permitted. The ng is not a consonant combination, since it represents a single sound. As such it can never be split, the proper hyphenation of fakatonga (Tongan) therefore is fa-ka-to-nga, against which normal, English-oriented wordprocessors always sin.

[*]Each syllable must end in a vowel. All vowels are pronounced, but an i at the end of an utterance is usually unvoiced.

[*]The fakauʻais a consonant. It must be followed (and, except at the beginning of aword, preceded) by a vowel. Unlike the glottal stops in many otherPolynesian languages texts, the fakauʻa is always written. (Only sometimes before 1943.)

[*]Stress normally falls on the next to last syllable of a word withtwo or more syllables; example: móhe (sleep), mohénga (bed). Ifhowever, the last vowel is long, it takes the stress; example: kumā(mouse) (stress on the long ā). The stress also shifts to the lastvowel if the next word is an enclitic;example: fále (house), falé ni (this house). Finally the stress canshift to the last syllable, including an enclitic, in case of thedefinitive accent; example: mohengá ((that) particular bed), fale ní(this particular house). It is also here that a long vowel can be splitinto two short ones; example: pō (night), poó ni (this night), pō ní(this particular night). Or the opposite: maáma (light), māmá ni (thislight), maama ní (this particular light). Of course, there are someexceptions to the above general rules. The stress accent is normally not written, except where it is to indicate the definitive accent or fakamamafa.But here, too, people often neglect to write it, only using it when theproper stress cannot be easily derived from the context.

Although the acute accent has been available on most personal computersfrom their early days onwards, when Tongan newspapers started to usecomputers around 1990 to produce their papers, they were unable tofind, or failed to enter, the proper keystrokes, and it grew into ahabit to put the accent after the vowel instead on it: not á but a´.But as this distance seemed to be too big, a demand arose for Tonganfonts where the acute accent was shifted to the right, a positionhalfway in between the two extremes above. Most papers still followthis practice.




Use of the definitive accent
English and many other languages only provide two article types:

[*]the indefinite (a) and[*]the definite (the).

The phenomenon of the definitive accent allows Tongan to have threearticle levels, and not only articles, the idea spreads to the possessives as well.

[*]the indefinite accent ha. Example: ko ha pālangi ('a white person', or any other person from somewhere other than Tonga)[*]the semi-definite accent (h)e. Example: ko e pālangi ('thewhite person' in the sense that the person does not belong to someother race, but still rather 'a white person' if there are several ofthem)[*]the definite accent (h)e with the shifted ultimate stress. Example: ko e pālangí ('the white person', that particular person there and no one else).

Registers

There are three registers which consist of

[*]ordinary words (the normal language)[*]polite words[*]honorific words (the language for the chiefs)[*]regal words (the language for the king)[*]derogatory words

For example, the phrase "Come and eat!" translates to::

[*]ordinary: haʻu 'o kai (come and eat!); Friends, family members and so forth may say this to each other when invited for dinner.[*]polite: meʻatokoni (food, or more precisely: meʻa-tokoni: food-thing, i.e. foodstuff); This would be used in serious study books or in more formal situations, rather than the ordinary meʻakai.[*]honorific: meʻa mai pea ʻilo(come and eat!); The proper used towards chiefs, particularly thenobles, but it may also be used by an employee towards his boss, or inother similar situations. When talking about chiefs, however, it isalways used, even if they are not actually present, but in othersituations only on formal occasions. A complication to the beginningstudent of Tongan is that such words very often also have analternative meaning in the ordinary register: meʻa (thing) and ʻilo (know, find).[*]regal: hāʻele mai pea taumafa (come and eat!); Used towards the king or God. The same considerations as for the honorific register apply. Hāʻeleis one of the regal words which have become the normal word in otherPolynesian. Some regal words clearly reflect a Sāmoan origin. Historytells that sometimes the Tongans really went to Sāmoa to invent a newregal word. The Sāmoans, instead gave them words with vulgar meanings in their language, and the Tongans, not knowing that, used them to their king.[citation needed] Example 1: māimoa = labour of the king, either physical or mental (like the poems of Queen Sālote) from the Sāmoan maʻimoa = chicken illness, meaning: insane.[citation needed] Example 2: lakoifie = good health of the king, probably from the Fijian lako-i-vē = walk to where?[citation needed][*]derogatory: mama (eat!); Words which normally would be used for the pigs. The word mamameans "to chew" (along with various other meanings) in the ordinaryregister. A speaker would apply this word to himself and the commonersto emphasise the distance between him and the nobles or the king.

Pronouns
The Tongan language distinguishes 3 numbers: singular, dual, and plural. They appear as the 3 major columns in the tables below.
The Tongan language distinguishes 4 persons: First person exclusive, first person inclusive, second person and third person. They appear as the 4 major rows in the tables below.
This gives us 12 main groups. In every group the pronoun can besubjective (reddish) or objective (greenish). This marks a distinctionthat has been referred to, in some analyses of other Polynesian languages, as a-possession versus o-possession respectively.




Cardinal pronouns
The cardinal pronouns are the main personal pronouns which in Tongan can either be preposed (before the verb, light colour) or postposed (after the verb, dark colour). The first are the normal subjective pronouns, the latter the stressed subjective pronouns, which sometimes implies reflexive pronouns, or with kia te in front the objective pronouns. (There are no possessions involved in the cardinal pronouns and therefore no subjective and objective forms to be considered).
[table]Cardinal Pronouns[tr][td]
[/td][td]Position[/td][td]Singular[/td][td]Dual[/td][td]Plural[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,4]1st person[/td][td]exclusive
(I, we, us)[/td][td]preposed[/td][td]u, ou, ku[/td][td]ma[/td][td]mau[/td][/tr][tr][td]postposed[/td][td]au[/td][td]kimaua[/td][td]kimautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2]inclusive
(one, we, us)[/td][td]preposed[/td][td]te[/td][td]ta[/td][td]tau[/td][/tr][tr][td]postposed[/td][td]kita[/td][td]kitaua[/td][td]kitautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td=2,2]2nd person[/td][td]preposed[/td][td]ke[/td][td]mo[/td][td]mou[/td][/tr][tr][td]postposed[/td][td]koe[/td][td]kimoua[/td][td]kimoutolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]3rd person[/td][td]preposed[/td][td]ne[/td][td]na[/td][td]nau[/td][/tr][tr][td]postposed[/td][td]ia[/td][td]kinaua[/td][td]kinautolu[/td][/tr][/table]
Manatuʻi:

[*]all the preposed pronouns of one syllable only (ku, u, ma, te, ta,ke, mo, ne, na) are enclitics which never can take the stress, but putit on the vowel in front of them. Example: ʻoku naú versus ʻokú na (not: ʻoku ná).[*]first person singular, I uses u after kuo, te, ne, and also ka (becomes kau), pea, mo and ʻo; but uses ou after ʻoku; and uses ku after naʻa.[*]first person inclusive (I and you) is of course somewhat a misnomer. The meanings of te and kita can often rendered as one, that is the modesty I.

Examples of use.

[*]Naʻa ku fehuʻi: I asked[*]Naʻe fehuʻi (ʻe) au: I(!) asked (stressed)[*]ʻOku ou fehuʻi au: I ask myself[*]Te u fehuʻi kia te koe: I shall ask you[*]Te ke tali kia te au: You will answer me[*]Kapau te te fehuʻi: If one would ask[*]Tau ō ki he hulohula?: Are we (all) going to the ball?[*]Sinitalela, mau ō ki he hulohula: Cinderella, we go to the ball ->(said the evil stepmother and she went with at least two of her daughters, but not Cinderella)

Another archaic aspect of Tongan is the retention of preposed pronouns.[citation needed]They are used much less frequently in Sāmoan and have completelydisappeared in East Polynesian languages, where the pronouns arecognate with the Tongan postposed form minus ki-. (We love you: ʻOku ʻofa kimautolu kia te kimoutolu; Māori: e aroha nei mātou i a koutou).




 Possessive pronouns
The possessivesfor every person and number (1st person plural, 3rd person dual, etc.)can be further divided into normal or ordinary (light colour),emotional (medium colour) and emphatic (bright colour) forms. Thelatter is rarely used, but the two former are common and furthersubdivided in definite (saturated colour) and indefinite (greyish colour) forms.
[table=98%,rgb(255, 255, 221)][tr][td=1,2]Possessive
pronouns[/td][td]definite
or not[/td][td=1,2]type[/td][td=2,1]singular[/td][td]dual[/td][td=2,1]plural[/td][/tr][tr][td]subjective[/td][td]objective[/td][td]subjective[/td][td]objective[/td][td]subjective[/td][td]objective[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,5]1st person
(exclusive)
(my, our)[/td][td]definite[/td][td]ordinary[/td][td]heʻeku[/td][td]hoku[/td][td]heʻema[/td][td]homa[/td][td]heʻemau[/td][td]homau[/td][/tr][tr][td]indefinite[/td][td]haʻaku[/td][td]haku[/td][td]haʻama[/td][td]hama[/td][td]haʻamau[/td][td]hamau[/td][/tr][tr][td]definite[/td][td=1,2]emotional[/td][td]siʻeku[/td][td]siʻoku[/td][td]siʻema[/td][td]siʻoma[/td][td]siʻemau[/td][td]siʻomau[/td][/tr][tr][td]indefinite[/td][td]siʻaku[/td][td]siʻaku[/td][td]siʻama[/td][td]siʻama[/td][td]siʻamau[/td][td]siʻamau[/td][/tr][tr][td=2,1]emphatic[/td][td]haʻaku[/td][td]hoʻoku[/td][td]haʻamaua[/td][td]hoʻomaua[/td][td]haʻamautolu[/td][td]hoʻomautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,5]1st person
(inclusive)
(my, our)[/td][td]definite[/td][td]ordinary[/td][td]heʻete[/td][td]hoto[/td][td]heʻeta[/td][td]hota[/td][td]heʻetau[/td][td]hotau[/td][/tr][tr][td]indefinite[/td][td]haʻate[/td][td]hato[/td][td]haʻata[/td][td]hata[/td][td]haʻatau[/td][td]hatau[/td][/tr][tr][td]definite[/td][td=1,2]emotional[/td][td]siʻete[/td][td]siʻoto[/td][td]siʻeta[/td][td]siʻota[/td][td]siʻetau[/td][td]siʻotau[/td][/tr][tr][td]indefinite[/td][td]siʻate[/td][td]siʻato[/td][td]siʻata[/td][td]siʻata[/td][td]siʻatau[/td][td]siʻatau[/td][/tr][tr][td=2,1]emphatic[/td][td]haʻata[/td][td]hoʻota[/td][td]haʻataua[/td][td]hoʻotaua[/td][td]haʻatautolu[/td][td]hoʻotautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,5]2nd person
(your)[/td][td]definite[/td][td]ordinary[/td][td]hoʻo[/td][td]ho[/td][td]hoʻomo[/td][td]homo[/td][td]hoʻomou[/td][td]homou[/td][/tr][tr][td]indefinite[/td][td]haʻo[/td][td]hao[/td][td]haʻamo[/td][td]hamo[/td][td]haʻamou[/td][td]hamou[/td][/tr][tr][td]definite[/td][td=1,2]emotional[/td][td]siʻo[/td][td]siʻo[/td][td]siʻomo[/td][td]siʻomo[/td][td]siʻomou[/td][td]siʻomou[/td][/tr][tr][td]indefinite[/td][td]siʻao[/td][td]siʻao[/td][td]siʻamo[/td][td]siʻamo[/td][td]siʻamou[/td][td]siʻamou[/td][/tr][tr][td=2,1]emphatic[/td][td]haʻau[/td][td]hoʻou[/td][td]haʻamoua[/td][td]hoʻomoua[/td][td]haʻamoutolu[/td][td]hoʻomoutolu[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,5]3rd person
(his, her, its, their)[/td][td]definite[/td][td]ordinary[/td][td]heʻene[/td][td]hono[/td][td]heʻena[/td][td]hona[/td][td]heʻenau[/td][td]honau[/td][/tr][tr][td]indefinite[/td][td]haʻane[/td][td]hano[/td][td]haʻana[/td][td]hana[/td][td]haʻanau[/td][td]hanau[/td][/tr][tr][td]definite[/td][td=1,2]emotional[/td][td]siʻene[/td][td]siʻono[/td][td]siʻena[/td][td]siʻona[/td][td]siʻenau[/td][td]siʻonau[/td][/tr][tr][td]indefinite[/td][td]siʻane[/td][td]siʻano[/td][td]siʻana[/td][td]siʻana[/td][td]siʻanau[/td][td]siʻanau[/td][/tr][tr][td=2,1]emphatic[/td][td]haʻana[/td][td]hoʻona[/td][td]haʻanaua[/td][td]hoʻonaua[/td][td]haʻanautolu[/td][td]hoʻonautolu[/td][/tr][/table]Notes:

[*]the ordinary definite possessives starting with he (in italics) drop this prefix after any word except ʻi, ki, mei, ʻe. Example: ko ʻeku tohi, my book; ʻi heʻeku tohi, in my book.[*]all ordinary subjective possessives contain a fakauʻa, all objective do not.[*]the emphatic forms are not often used, but if they are, they take the definitive accent from the following words (see below)[*]first person inclusive (me and you) is of course somewhat a misnomer. The meanings of heʻete, hoto, etc. can often rendered as one's, that is the modesty me.[*]the choice between a subjective or objective possessive iscompletely determined by the word or phrase it refers to. For example: ko hoʻo tohi, ko ho fale, (it is) your book, your house. *Ko ho tohi, ko hoʻo fale* are just plainly wrong. Some words can take either, but with a difference in meaning: ko ʻene kahoa, his/her garland (which he/she is stringing probably for someone else); ko hono kahoa, his/her garland (which he/she is wearing probably given by someone else).

Examples of use.

[*]ko haʻaku/haku kahoa: my garland, -> any garland from/for me[*]ko ʻeku/hoku kahoa: my garland, it is my garland[*]ko ʻeku/hoku kahoá: my garland -> that particular one and no other[*]ko heʻete/hoto kahoa: one's garland -> mine in fact, but that is not important[*]ko siʻaku kahoa: my cherished garland, -> any cherished garland from/for me[*]ko siʻeku/siʻoku kahoa: my cherished garland, it is my cherished garland[*]ko haʻakú/hoʻokú kahoa: garland (mine)-> that particular garland is mine(!) and not someone else's at all[*]ko homa kahoa: our garlands, -> you and I are wearing them, but not the person we are talking to[*]ko hota kahoa: our garlands, -> you and I are wearing them, and I am talking to you

Other pronouns
These are the remainders: the pronominal adjectives (mine), indirect object pronouns or pronominal adverbs (for me) and the adverbial posssessives (as me).
[table=98%,rgb(255, 255, 221)][tr][td=1,2]other
pronouns[/td][td]type[/td][td=2,1]singular[/td][td]dual[/td][td=2,1]plural[/td][/tr][tr][td]subjective[/td][td]objective[/td][td]subjective[/td][td]objective[/td][td]subjective[/td][td]objective[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,3]1st person
(exclusive)
(my, our)[/td][td]pronominal adjective[/td][td]ʻaʻaku[/td][td]ʻoʻoku[/td][td]ʻamaua[/td][td]ʻomaua[/td][td]ʻamautolu[/td][td]ʻomautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]pronominal adverb[/td][td]maʻaku[/td][td]moʻoku[/td][td]maʻamaua[/td][td]moʻomaua[/td][td]maʻamautolu[/td][td]moʻomautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]adverbial possessive[/td][td]maʻaku[/td][td]moʻoku[/td][td]maʻama[/td][td]moʻoma[/td][td]maʻamau[/td][td]moʻomau[/td][/tr][tr][td]1st person
(inclusive)
(my, our)[/td][td]pronominal adjective[/td][td]ʻaʻata[/td][td]ʻoʻota[/td][td]ʻataua[/td][td]ʻotaua[/td][td]ʻatautolu[/td][td]ʻotautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]pronominal adverb[/td][td]maʻata[/td][td]moʻota[/td][td]maʻataua[/td][td]moʻotaua[/td][td]maʻatautolu[/td][td]moʻotautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]adverbial possessive[/td][td]maʻate[/td][td]moʻoto[/td][td]maʻata[/td][td]moʻota[/td][td]maʻatau[/td][td]moʻotau[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,3]2nd person
(your)[/td][td]pronominal adjective[/td][td]ʻaʻau[/td][td]ʻoʻou[/td][td]ʻamoua[/td][td]ʻomoua[/td][td]ʻamoutolu[/td][td]ʻomoutolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]pronominal adverb[/td][td]maʻau[/td][td]moʻou[/td][td]maʻamoua[/td][td]moʻomoua[/td][td]maʻamoutolu[/td][td]moʻomoutolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]adverbial possessive[/td][td]maʻo[/td][td]moʻo[/td][td]maʻamo[/td][td]moʻomo[/td][td]maʻamou[/td][td]moʻomou[/td][/tr][tr][td]3rd person
(his, her, its, their)[/td][td]pronominal adjective[/td][td]ʻaʻana[/td][td]ʻoʻona[/td][td]ʻanaua[/td][td]ʻonaua[/td][td]ʻanautolu[/td][td]ʻonautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]pronominal adverb[/td][td]maʻana[/td][td]moʻona[/td][td]maʻanaua[/td][td]moʻonaua[/td][td]maʻanautolu[/td][td]moʻonautolu[/td][/tr][tr][td]adverbial possessive[/td][td]maʻane[/td][td]moʻono[/td][td]maʻana[/td][td]moʻona[/td][td]maʻanau[/td][td]moʻonau[/td][/tr][/table]Notes:

[*]the first syllable in all singular pronominal adjectives (initalics) is reduplicated and can be dropped for somewhat less emphasis[*]the pronominal adjectives put a stronger emphasis on the possessor than the possessive pronouns do[*]the use of the adverbial possessives is rare

Examples of use:

[*]ko hono valá: it is his/her/its clothing/dress[*]ko e vala ʻona: it is his/her/its (!) clothing/dress[*]ko e vala ʻoʻona: it is his/her/its (!!!) clothing/dress[*]ko hono valá ʻona: it is his/her/its own clothing/dress[*]ko hono vala ʻoná: it is his/her/its own clothing/dress; same as previous[*]ko hono vala ʻoʻoná: it is his/her/its very own clothing/dress[*]ʻoku ʻoʻona ʻa e valá ni: this cloting is his/hers/its[*]ʻoku moʻona ʻa e valá: the clothing is for him/her/it[*]ʻoange ia moʻono valá: give it (to him/her/it) as his/hers/its clothing

Counting

[*]noa, taha, ua, tolu, fā, nima, ono, fitu, valu, hiva (0 … 9)[*]hongofulu, taha-noa (10), uongofulu, uofulu, ua-noa (20),tolungofulu, tolu-noa (30), … The 'full-style' numbers and'telephone-style' numbers are equally common in use[*]hongofulu ma taha, taha-taha (11), uongofulu ma fā, ua-fā (24), …;exceptions: uo-ua (22), nime-nima (55), hive-hiva (99) The'telephone-style' numbers are almost exclusively in use[*]teau (100), teau taha (101), … teau hongofulu (110), teau-ua-noa(120), uongeau (200), tolungeau (300), … But for more 'complex'numbers: taha-taha-taha (111), … uo-uo-ua (222), fā-valu-ua (482), …[*]afe, taha-afe (1000), ua-afe (2000), …[*]mano (10000)[*]kilu (100000)[*]miliona (1000000)

ʻOku fiha ia? (how much (does it cost)?) Paʻanga ʻe ua-nima-noa (T$ 2.50)
In addition there are special, traditional counting systems for fish, coconuts, yams, etc.




Literature
Tongan is primarily a spoken, rather than written, language. Only the Bible, the Book of Mormon,and a few other books are written in Tongan. There are not enoughpeople who can read Tongan to commercially justify publishing books inthe language
. Most reading material available in Tonga is in English
.
There are several weekly and monthly magazines in Tongan, but there are no daily newspapers.
Weekly newspapers, some of them twice per week:

[*]Ko e Kalonikali ʻo Tonga[*]Ko e Keleʻa[*]Taimi ʻo Tonga[*]Talaki[*]Ko e Tauʻatāina

Monthly or two-monthly papers, mostly church publications:

[*]Taumuʻa lelei (Catholic)[*]Tohi fanongonongo (Wesleyan)[*]Liahona (Latter-Day Saints)[*]Tonga star (Tokaikolo)

呵呵，巨强大啊，居然还有朋友研究汤加语啊，呵呵